A search is presented for a high-mass Higgs boson in the H→ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-ℓ+ℓ-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^-\ell ^+\ell ^-$$\end{document}, H→ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-νν¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^-\nu \bar{\nu }$$\end{document}, H→ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-qq¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^- q \bar{q}$$\end{document}, and H→ZZ→νν¯qq¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu } q \bar{q}$$\end{document} decay modes using the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The search uses proton–proton collision data at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$^{-1}$$\end{document}. The results of the search are interpreted in the scenario of a heavy Higgs boson with a width that is small compared with the experimental mass resolution. The Higgs boson mass range considered extends up to 1TeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1~\mathrm{TeV}$$\end{document} for all four decay modes and down to as low as 140 GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mathrm{GeV}$$\end{document}, depending on the decay mode. No significant excess of events over the Standard Model prediction is found. A simultaneous fit to the four decay modes yields upper limits on the production cross-section of a heavy Higgs boson times the branching ratio to Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} =950$$\end{document} GeV for the gluon-fusion production mode and from 0.31 pb at mH=195\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} =195$$\end{document} GeV to 0.009 pb at mH=950\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} =950$$\end{document} GeV for the vector-boson-fusion production mode. The results are also interpreted in the context of Type-I and Type-II two-Higgs-doublet models.
volume-issue-count12issue-article-count45issue-toc-levels0issue-typeRegularissue-online-date-year2016issue-online-date-month3issue-online-date-day4issue-pricelist-year2016issue-copyright-holderSIF and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelbergissue-copyright-year2016article-contains-esmNoarticle-numbering-styleContentOnlyarticle-toc-levels0article-registration-date-year2015article-registration-date-month12article-registration-date-day2article-grants-typeOpenChoicemetadata-grantOpenAccessabstract-grantOpenAccessbodypdf-grantOpenAccessbodyhtml-grantOpenAccessbibliography-grantOpenAccessesm-grantOpenAccessIntroduction
In 2012, a Higgs boson h\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$h$$\end{document} with a mass of 125 GeV was discovered by the ATLAS and CMS collaborations at the LHC [1, 2]. One of the most important remaining questions is whether the newly discovered particle is part of an extended scalar sector as postulated by various extensions to the Standard Model (SM) such as the two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM) [3] and the electroweak-singlet (EWS) model [4]. These predict additional Higgs bosons, motivating searches at masses other than 125 GeV.
This paper reports four separate searches with the ATLAS detector for a heavy neutral scalar H\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H$$\end{document} decaying into two SM Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z$$\end{document} bosons, encompassing the decay modes ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-ℓ+ℓ-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^-\ell ^+\ell ^- $$\end{document}, ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-νν¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^-\nu \bar{\nu } $$\end{document}, ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-qq¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^- q \bar{q} $$\end{document}, and ZZ→νν¯qq¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ZZ\rightarrow \nu \bar{\nu } q \bar{q} $$\end{document}, where ℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell $$\end{document} stands for either an electron or a muon. These modes are referred to, respectively, as ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \ell \ell $$\end{document}, ℓℓνν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document}, ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document}, and ννqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document}.
It is assumed that additional Higgs bosons would be produced predominantly via the gluon fusion (ggF) and vector-boson fusion (VBF) processes but that the ratio of the two production mechanisms is unknown in the absence of a specific model. For this reason, results are interpreted separately for ggF and VBF production modes. For Higgs boson masses below 200 GeV, associated production (VH, where V\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$V$$\end{document} stands for either a W\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$W$$\end{document} or a Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z$$\end{document} boson) is important as well. In this mass range, only the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \ell \ell $$\end{document} decay mode is considered. Due to its excellent mass resolution and high signal-to-background ratio, the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \ell \ell $$\end{document} decay mode is well-suited for a search for a narrow resonance in the range 140<mH<500\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$140<m_{H} <500$$\end{document} GeV; thus, this search covers the mH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} $$\end{document} range down to 140\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$140$$\end{document}GeV. The ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \ell \ell $$\end{document} search includes channels sensitive to VH production as well as to the VBF and ggF production modes. The ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} and ℓℓνν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document} searches, covering mH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} $$\end{document} ranges down to 200 and 240 GeV respectively, consider ggF and VBF channels only. The ννqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} search covers the mH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} $$\end{document} range down to 400 GeV and does not distinguish between ggF and VBF production. Due to their higher branching ratios, the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document}, ℓℓνν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} decay modes dominate at higher masses, and contribute to the overall sensitivity of the combined result. The mH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} $$\end{document} range for all four searches extends up to 1000 GeV.
The ggF production mode for the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \ell \ell $$\end{document} search is further divided into four channels based on lepton flavour, while the ℓℓνν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document} search includes four channels, corresponding to two lepton flavours for each of the ggF and VBF production modes. For the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} and ννqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} searches, the ggF production modes are divided into two subchannels each based on the number of b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$b$$\end{document}-tagged jets in the event. For Higgs boson masses above 700 GeV, jets from Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z$$\end{document} boson decay are boosted and tend to be reconstructed as a single jet; the ggF ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} search includes an additional channel sensitive to such final states.
For each channel, a discriminating variable sensitive to mH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{H} $$\end{document} is identified and used in a likelihood fit. The ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} searches use the invariant mass of the four-fermion system as the final discriminant, while the ℓℓνν\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} searches use a transverse mass distribution. Distributions of these discriminants for each channel are combined in a simultaneous likelihood fit which estimates the rate of heavy Higgs boson production and simultaneously the nuisance parameters corresponding to systematic uncertainties. Additional distributions from background-dominated control regions also enter the fit in order to constrain nuisance parameters. Unless otherwise stated, all figures show shapes and normalizations determined from this fit. All results are interpreted in the scenario of a new Higgs boson with a narrow width, as well as in Type-I and Type-II 2HDMs.
The ATLAS collaboration has published results of searches for a Standard Model Higgs boson decaying in the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document} modes with 4.7–4.8fb-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sqrt{s}=7~\mathrm{TeV}$$\end{document} [5–7]. A heavy Higgs boson with the width and branching fractions predicted by the SM was excluded at the 95 % confidence level in the ranges 182<mH<233GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document} mode. The searches in this paper use a data set of 20.3fb-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\sqrt{s}=8~\mathrm{TeV}$$\end{document}. Besides using a larger data set at a higher centre-of-mass energy, these searches improve on the earlier results by adding selections sensitive to VBF production for the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document} decay modes and by further optimizing the event selection and other aspects of the analysis. In addition, the ννqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} decay mode has been added; finally, results of searches in all four decay modes are used in a combined search. The CMS Collaboration has also recently published a search for a heavy Higgs boson with SM width in H→ZZ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ $$\end{document} decays [8]. Since the searches reported here use a narrow width for each Higgs boson mass hypothesis instead of the larger width corresponding to a SM Higgs boson, a direct comparison against earlier ATLAS results and the latest CMS results is not possible.
This paper is organized as follows. After a brief description of the ATLAS detector in Sect. 2, the simulation of the background and signal processes used in this analysis is outlined in Sect. 3. Section 4 summarizes the reconstruction of the final-state objects used by these searches. The event selection and background estimation for the four searches are presented in Sects. 5 to 8, and Sect. 9 discusses the systematic uncertainties common to all searches. Section 10 details the statistical combination of all the searches into a single limit, which is given in Sect. 11. Finally, Sect. 12 gives the conclusions.
ATLAS detector
ATLAS is a multi-purpose detector [9] which provides nearly full solid-angle coverage around the interaction point.1 It consists of a tracking system (inner detector or ID) surrounded by a thin superconducting solenoid providing a 2 T magnetic field, electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters, and a muon spectrometer (MS). The ID consists of pixel and silicon microstrip detectors covering the pseudorapidity region |η|<2.5\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1.5 < |\eta | < 3.2$$\end{document}). The MS consists of three large superconducting toroids arranged with an eight-fold azimuthal coil symmetry around the calorimeters, and a system of three layers of precision gas chambers providing tracking coverage in the range |η|<2.7\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$|\eta | < 2.4$$\end{document}. The ATLAS trigger system [10] consists of three levels; the first (L1) is a hardware-based system, while the second and third levels are software-based systems.
Data and Monte Carlo samplesData sample
The data used in these searches were collected by ATLAS at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV during 2012 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20.3fb-1\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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The acceptance and resolution for the signal of a narrow-width heavy Higgs boson decaying to a Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Besides model-independent results, a search in the context of a CP-conserving 2HDM [3] is also presented. This model has five physical Higgs bosons after electroweak symmetry breaking: two CP-even, h\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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The production cross-sections for both the ggF and VBF processes are calculated using SusHi 1.3.0 [17–22], while the branching ratios are calculated with 2HDMC 1.6.4 [23]. For the branching ratio calculations it is assumed that mA=mH=mH±\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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The width of the heavy Higgs boson varies over the parameter space of the 2HDM model, and may be significant compared with the experimental resolution. Since this analysis assumes a narrow-width signal, the 2HDM interpretation is limited to regions of parameter space where the width is less than 0.5 % of mH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Background samples
Monte Carlo simulations are also used to model the shapes of distributions from many of the sources of SM background to these searches. Table 1 summarizes the simulated event samples along with the PDF sets and underlying-event tunes used. Additional samples are also used to compute systematic uncertainties as detailed in Sect. 9.
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\begin{document}$$V+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document}). For this reason it is used to model these backgrounds in the hadronic ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z/\gamma ^{*}+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document} samples are generated with up to five hard partons and with the partons matched to final-state particle jets [25, 26]. They are used to describe these backgrounds in the other decay modes and also in the VBF channel of the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} search2 since the additional partons in the matrix element give a better description of the VBF topology. The Sherpa (Alpgen) Z/γ∗+jets\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$60~\mathrm{GeV}$$\end{document}) at the generator level.
The background from the associated production of the 125GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$h$$\end{document} boson along with a Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z$$\end{document} boson is non-negligible in the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} $$\end{document} [27, 28]. The Higgs boson branching ratio is calculated using hdecay [29]. Further details can be found in Ref. [30].
Continuum ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ZZ^{(*)} $$\end{document} events form the dominant background for the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$K$$\end{document}-factor based on the kinematics of the diboson system and the initial-state quarks, using a procedure similar to that described in Ref. [34]. The off-shell SM ggF Higgs boson process, the gg→ZZ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$gg \rightarrow ZZ^{(*)} $$\end{document} using the gg→ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$gg \rightarrow ZZ^{(*)} $$\end{document} cross-section calculated by MCFM 6.1 [35].
For samples in which the hard process is generated with Alpgen or MC@NLO 4.03 [39], Herwig 6.520 [40] is used to simulate parton showering and fragmentation, with Jimmy [41] used for the underlying-event simulation. Pythia 6.426 [42] is used for samples generated with MadGraph [43] and AcerMC [44], while Pythia 8.165 [45] is used for the gg2vv 3.1.3 [36, 37], MCFM 6.1 [46], and Powheg samples. Sherpa implements its own parton showering and fragmentation model.
Details of the generation of simulated signal and background event samples. For each physics process, the table gives the final states generated, the H→ZZ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H \rightarrow ZZ$$\end{document} final states(s) for which they are used, the generator, the PDF set, and the underlying-event tune. For the background samples, the order in αS\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\alpha _{\text {S}} $$\end{document} used to normalize the event yield is also given; for the signal, the normalization is the parameter of interest in the fit. More details can be found in the text
Physics process
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\begin{document}$$ZZ$$\end{document} background, is included in the diboson samples
In the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$+$$\end{document} hf.
Detector simulation
The simulation of the detector is performed with either a full ATLAS detector simulation [66] based on Geant 4 9.6 [67] or a fast simulation3 based on a parameterization of the performance of the ATLAS electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters [68] and on Geant 4 elsewhere. All simulated samples are generated with a variable number of minimum-bias interactions (simulated using Pythia 8 with the MSTW2008LO PDF [69] and the A2 tune [48]), overlaid on the hard-scattering event to account for additional pp\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Corrections are applied to the simulated samples to account for differences between data and simulation for the lepton trigger and reconstruction efficiencies, and for the efficiency and misidentification rate of the algorithm used to identify jets containing b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$b$$\end{document}-tagging).
Object reconstruction and common event selection
The exact requirements used to identify physics objects vary between the different searches. This section outlines features that are common to all of the searches; search-specific requirements are given in the sections below.
Event vertices are formed from tracks with pT>400MeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1\mathrm{mm}$$\end{document} to reject non-collision backgrounds. This requirement is not applied in the case of muons with no ID track.
Electron candidates (‘electrons’) [71–73] consist of an energy cluster in the EM calorimeter with |η|<2.47\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$|\eta |<2.47$$\end{document} matched to a track reconstructed in the inner detector. The energy of the electron is measured from the energy of the calorimeter cluster, while the direction is taken from the matching track. Electron candidates are selected using variables sensitive to the shape of the EM cluster, the quality of the track, and the goodness of the match between the cluster and the track. Depending on the search, either a selection is made on each variable sequentially or all the variables are combined into a likelihood discriminant.
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} ^{\ell }$$\end{document} is the transverse momentum of the electron or muon candidate. The isolation requirement is not applied in the case of muons with no ID track. For searches with electrons or muons in the final state, the reconstructed lepton candidates must match the trigger lepton candidates that resulted in the events being recorded by the online selection.
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\begin{document}$$1~\mathrm{TeV}$$\end{document}.
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\begin{document}$$K$$\end{document} in-flight decays. The contribution from single-top production is negligible. The normalization of each component is estimated by a simultaneous fit to the m12\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} $$\end{document} lepton, which must also be an electron, the impact parameter and isolation requirements are removed and the likelihood requirement is relaxed. In addition, it must have the same charge as the other subleading electron in order to minimize the contribution from the ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell ee$$\end{document} control region described above. The fraction of this background in each channel (ggF, VBF, VH) is evaluated using simulation. The non-ZZ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$ZZ$$\end{document} backgrounds include differences in the results when alternative methods are used to estimate the background [84], uncertainties in the transfer factors used to extrapolate from the control region to the signal region, and the limited statistical precision in the control regions. For the ℓℓμμ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell ee$$\end{document}) background, the uncertainty is 21 % (27 %) in the ggF channel, 100 % (117 %) in the VBF channel, and 62 % (79 %) in the VH channel. The larger uncertainty in the VBF channel arises due to large statistical uncertainties on the fraction of Z+jets\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{\ell \ell \ell \ell } $$\end{document} shape are estimated from differences in the shapes obtained using different methods for estimating the background.
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\begin{document}$$\Delta R<0.2$$\end{document} of electrons are also removed. Events containing a third lepton or muon with pT>7GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} >7~\mathrm{GeV}$$\end{document} are rejected; for the purpose of this requirement, the ‘loose’ electron selection from Ref. [73] is used. To select events with neutrinos in the final state, the magnitude of the missing transverse momentum must satisfy ETmiss>70GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} > 70~\mathrm{GeV}$$\end{document}.
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\begin{document}$$|\eta |<2.5$$\end{document} are classified as ggF. Events not satisfying either set of criteria are rejected.
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \phi (p_{\text {T}}^{\ell \ell },E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}})$$\end{document} must be greater than 2.8 (2.7) for the ggF (VBF) channel (optimized for signal significance in each channel), and the fractional pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$|\eta |<2.5$$\end{document} are rejected in order to reduce the background from top-quark production. All jets in the event must have an azimuthal angle greater than 0.3 relative to the missing transverse momentum.
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\begin{document}$$m_{\mathrm {T}}^{ZZ} $$\end{document} reconstructed from the momentum of the dilepton system and the missing transverse momentum, defined by:(mTZZ)2≡mZ2+pTℓℓ2+mZ2+ETmiss22-→pTℓℓ+→ETmiss2.\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} (m_{\mathrm {T}}^{ZZ})^2&\equiv \left( \sqrt{m_{Z} ^2+\left| p_{\text {T}}^{\ell \ell } \right| ^2} + \sqrt{m_{Z} ^2+\left| E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} \right| ^2} \right) ^2\nonumber \\&-\,\left| {{\vec {}}{p_{\text {T}}^{\ell \ell } }} + {{\vec {}}{E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} }} \right| ^2. \end{aligned}$$\end{document}The resulting resolution in mTZZ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^-\nu \bar{\nu }$$\end{document} search in the ggF channel. The simulated signal is normalized to a cross-section corresponding to five times the observed limit given in Sect. 11. The contribution labelled as ‘Top’ includes both the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$WZ$$\end{document} background is also estimated with Powheg and validated with data using a sample of events that pass the signal selection and that contain an extra electron or muon in addition to the Z→ℓ+ℓ-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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The WW\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \tau ^+\tau ^-$$\end{document} processes give rise to both same-flavour as well as different-flavour lepton final states. The total background from these processes in the same-flavour final state can be estimated from control samples that contain an electron–muon pair rather than a same-flavour lepton pair byNeebkg=12×Neμdata,sub×f,Nμμbkg=12×Neμdata,sub×1f,\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \begin{array}{ll} N^\mathrm{bkg}_{ee} =\frac{1}{2} \times N^\mathrm{data,sub}_{e\mu }\times {f}, \\ N^\mathrm{bkg}_{\mu \mu } = \frac{1}{2} \times N^\mathrm{data,sub}_{e\mu }\times \frac{1}{f}, \end{array} \end{aligned}$$\end{document}where Neebkg\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} $$\end{document} and the number of jets; the efficiencies of the remaining selections for this background are estimated using simulation.
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\begin{document}$$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} $$\end{document} and several kinematic selections. The background in the signal region is then derived using an efficiency factor from simulation to correct for the acceptance. Both of these backgrounds are found to be negligible.
Table 2 shows the expected yields of the backgrounds and signal, and observed counts of data events. The expected yields of the backgrounds in the table are after applying the combined likelihood fit to the data, as explained in Sect. 10.
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\begin{document}$$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} $$\end{document} significance requirement rejects mainly top-quark background.
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\begin{document}$$Z\rightarrow \ell \ell $$\end{document} decay, the search is divided into several channels: resolved ggF, merged-jet ggF, and VBF, as discussed below.
Resolved ggF channel
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\begin{document}$$Z \rightarrow q\bar{q} $$\end{document} decay. To maintain orthogonality, any events containing a VBF-jet pair as defined by the VBF channel (see Sect. 7.1.3) are excluded from the resolved selection.
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\begin{document}$$H\rightarrow ZZ\rightarrow \ell ^+\ell ^- q \bar{q}$$\end{document} search in the a untagged and b tagged resolved ggF subchannels. The dashed line shows the total background used as input to the fit. The simulated signal is normalized to a cross-section corresponding to 30 times the observed limit given in Sect. 11. The contribution labelled as ‘Top’ includes both the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t} $$\end{document} and single-top processes. The bottom panes show the ratio of the observed data to the predicted background
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VBF channel
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t} $$\end{document} and single-top processes. The bottom panes show the ratio of the observed data to the predicted background
The distribution of mℓℓjj\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Background estimation
The main background in the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document} and top-quark backgrounds are left free to float and are determined in the final likelihood fit as described below and in Sect. 10.
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Top-quark production is a significant background in the tagged subchannel of the resolved ggF channel. This background is predominantly (>97%\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Further uncertainties in the top-quark background arising from the parton showering and hadronization models are estimated by varying the amount of parton showering in AcerMC and also by comparing with Powheg+Herwig. Uncertainties in the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\mu = \sigma /\sigma _{SM} = 0.52 \pm 0.32~\mathrm{(stat.)} \pm 0.24~\mathrm{(syst.)}$$\end{document} [30]. Since this is compatible with the SM expectation, the small Zh(h→bb)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Zh (h\rightarrow bb)$$\end{document} background in this channel is normalized to the SM cross-section and a 50 % uncertainty is assigned to cover the difference between the prediction and the measured mean value.
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} search. To select events with neutrinos in the final state, the magnitude of the missing transverse momentum vector must satisfy ETmiss>160GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$70<m_{jj} <105~\mathrm{GeV}$$\end{document}.
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \phi {{\vec {}}{E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} }}, {{\vec {}}{p_{\text {T}} ^{\mathrm {miss}} }})<\pi /2$$\end{document}, and the azimuthal angle between the directions of →ETmiss\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \phi ( {{\vec {}}{E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} }}, j)>0.6$$\end{document}.
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\begin{document}$$b$$\end{document}-tags are rejected.
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \phi ( {{\vec {}}{E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} }}, j)$$\end{document} [30]. It is found to be negligible.
Systematic uncertainties
The systematic uncertainties can be divided into three categories: experimental uncertainties, related to the detector or to the reconstruction algorithms, uncertainties in the modelling of the signal, and uncertainties in the estimation of the backgrounds. The first two are largely common to all the searches and are treated as fully correlated. The uncertainties in the estimates of most backgrounds vary from search to search, and are summarized in the background estimation sections above. The estimation of the uncertainty of the ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Experimental uncertainties
The following detector-related systematic uncertainties are common to all the searches unless otherwise stated.
The uncertainty in the integrated luminosity is determined to be 2.8 % in a calibration following the methodology detailed in Ref. [88] using beam-separation scans performed in November 2012. This uncertainty is applied to the normalization of the signal and also to backgrounds for which the normalization is derived from MC calculations, and is correlated between all of the searches. There is also an uncertainty of 4 % in the average number of interactions per bunch crossing, which leads to an uncertainty on distributions sensitive to pile-up.
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\begin{document}$$O(1~\%)$$\end{document}. Uncertainties in the lepton energy scale and resolution are also taken into account. These uncertainties are treated as uncorrelated between all of the searches due to differences in lepton selections optimized for each search.
The uncertainty in the jet energy scale has several sources, including uncertainties in the in situ calibration analysis, corrections for pile-up, and the flavour composition of the sample [76, 89]. These uncertainties are decomposed into independent components. For central jets, the total relative uncertainty on the jet energy scale ranges from about 3 % for jets with a pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Uncertainties on the lepton and jet energy scales are propagated into the uncertainty on ETmiss\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Uncertainties in the efficiency for tagging b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$b$$\end{document}-tagging and truth tagging (defined at the end of Sect. 4) for close-by jets [30].
The efficiencies for the lepton triggers in events with reconstructed leptons are nearly 100 %, and hence the related uncertainties are negligible. For the selection used in the ννqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$E_{\text {T}}^{\text {miss}} $$\end{document} trigger is also close to 100 % with negligible associated uncertainties.
The merged-jet channel of the ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} search relies on measuring single-jet masses. To estimate the uncertainty in this measurement, jets reconstructed as described in Sect. 4 are compared with jets constructed using the same clustering algorithm but using as input charged-particle tracks rather than calorimeter energy deposits. The uncertainty is found using a procedure similar to that described in Ref. [92] by studying the double ratio of masses of jets found by both the calorimeter- and track-based algorithms: Rtrackcalom=rtrackcalom,data/rtrackcalom,MC\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$14~\%$$\end{document}. The uncertainty on the jet mass resolution has a negligible effect on the final result.
Signal acceptance uncertainty
The uncertainty in the experimental acceptance for the Higgs boson signal due to the modelling of Higgs boson production is estimated by varying parameters in the generator and re-applying the signal selection at generator level. The renormalization and factorization scales are varied up and down both independently and coherently by a factor of two; the amounts of initial- and final-state radiation (ISR/FSR) are increased and decreased separately; and the PDF set used is changed from the nominal CT10 to either MSTW2008 or NNPDF23.
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\begin{document}$$gg\rightarrow ZZ^{(*)} $$\end{document} backgrounds, using the envelope of the CT10, MSTW, and NNPDF error sets following the PDF4LHC prescription given in Refs. [94, 95], giving an uncertainty parameterized in mZZ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{ZZ} $$\end{document}. These uncertainties amount to 3 % for the qq¯→ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{ZZ}$$\end{document} amounting to 4 % on average.
The deviation of the NLO electroweak K\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$gg\rightarrow WW$$\end{document} process. Furthermore, Ref. [97] states that this conclusion also applies to the ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{ZZ}$$\end{document} and is about 30 %. An additional uncertainty of 100 % is assigned to this procedure; this covers the 60 % mentioned above. This uncertainty corresponds to the range considered for the gg→ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$gg\rightarrow ZZ^{(*)} $$\end{document} process where only LO generators are available, the VBF jets are simulated only in the parton shower, and so the acceptance uncertainty is estimated by taking the difference between the acceptances predicted by MCFM+Pythia8 and Sherpa, which have different parton shower simulations; this amounts to 90 % for the VH channel.
Combination and statistical interpretation
The statistical treatment of the data is similar to that described in Refs. [98–102], and uses a simultaneous profile-likelihood-ratio fit to the data from all of the searches. The parameter of interest is the cross-section times branching ratio for heavy Higgs boson production, assumed to be correlated between all of the searches. It is assumed that an additional Higgs boson would be produced predominantly via the ggF and VBF processes but that the ratio of the two production mechanisms is unknown in the absence of a specific model. For this reason, fits for the ggF and VBF production processes are done separately, and in each case the other process is allowed to float in the fit as an additional nuisance parameter. The VH production mechanism is included in the fit for the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \ell \ell $$\end{document} search and is assumed to scale with the VBF signal since both the VH and VBF production mechanisms depend on the coupling of the Higgs boson to vector bosons.
The simultaneous fit proceeds as follows. For each channel of each search, there is a distribution of the data with respect to some discriminating variable; these distributions are fitted to a sum of signal and backgrounds. The particular variables used are summarized in Table 3. The distributions for the ℓℓℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Summary of the distributions entering the likelihood fit for each channel of each search, both in the signal region (SR) and the various control regions (CR) used to constrain the background. Each entry represents one distribution; some channels have several distributions for different lepton flavours. MV1c cat. refers to the MV1c b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell \nu \nu $$\end{document} search use only the overall event counts. See the text for the definitions of the specific variables used as well as for the definitions of the signal and control regions
As discussed in Sect. 9, the signal acceptance uncertainties, and many of the background theoretical and experimental uncertainties, are treated as fully correlated between the searches. A given correlated uncertainty is modelled in the fit by using a nuisance parameter common to all of the searches. The mass hypothesis for the heavy Higgs boson strongly affects which sources of systematic uncertainty have the greatest effect on the result. At lower masses, the ZZ(∗)\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\tilde{q}_{\mu }$$\end{document} test statistic in the asymptotic approximation [104, 105]. The observed limits can be compared with expectations by generating ‘Asimov’ data sets, which are representative event samples that provide both the median expectation for an experimental result and its expected statistical variation in the asymptotic approximation, as described in Refs. [104, 105]. When producing the Asimov data set for the expected limits, the background-only hypothesis is assumed and the cross-sections for both ggF and VBF production of the heavy Higgs boson are set to zero. The remaining nuisance parameters are set to the value that maximizes the likelihood function for the observed data (profiled). When using the asymptotic procedure to calculate limits it is necessary to generate an Asimov data set both for the background-only hypothesis and for the signal hypothesis. When setting the observed limits, the cross-section for the other production mode not under consideration is profiled to data before generating the background-only Asimov data set.
Results
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Summary
A search is presented for a high-mass Higgs boson in the H→ZZ→ℓ+ℓ-ℓ+ℓ-\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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Acknowledgments
We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF, DNSRC and Lundbeck Foundation, Denmark; EPLANET, ERC and NSRF, European Union; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; GNSF, Georgia; BMBF, DFG, HGF, MPG and AvH Foundation, Germany; GSRT and NSRF, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, MINERVA, GIF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; FOM and NWO, Netherlands; BRF and RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; GRICES and FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MSTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SER, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; NSC, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, UK; DOE and NSF, USA. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN and the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA) and in the Tier-2 facilities worldwide.
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\begin{document}$$\sqrt{s} = 7$$\end{document} TeV with the ATLAS detector. Phys. Rev. D 86, 032003 (2012). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.86.032003. arXiv:1207.0319 [hep-ex]ATLAS Collaboration, Procedure for the LHC Higgs boson search combination in summer 2011. ATL-PHYS-PUB-2011-011 (2011). http://cds.cern.ch/record/1375842L. Moneta et al., The RooStats project. PoS ACAT2010, 057 (2010). arXiv:1009.1003 [physics.data-an]K. Cranmer et al., HistFactory: a tool for creating statistical models for use with RooFit and RooStats. CERN-OPEN-2012-016 (2012). http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1456844W. Verkerke et al., The RooFit toolkit for data modelling. Available from http://roofit.sourceforge.net or with recent versions of the ROOT framework available at http://root.cern.chReadALPresentation of search results: the CL(s) techniqueJ. Phys. G200228269327042002JPhG...28.2693R195921710.1088/0954-3899/28/10/313CowanGAsymptotic formulae for likelihood-based tests of new physicsEur. Phys. J. C20117115542011EPJC...71.1554C10.1140/epjc/s10052-011-1554-0CowanGErratum to: Asymptotic formulae for likelihood-based tests of new physicsEur. Phys. J. C201373143410.1140/epjc/s10052-013-2501-zATLAS Collaboration, Constraints on new phenomena via Higgs boson couplings and invisible decays with the ATLAS detector. JHEP 11, 206 (2015)ATLAS Collaboration, Measurements of normalized differential cross-sections for tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} searches, it is necessary to distinguish the different combinations of jet flavour. This is achieved by combining the information from the MV1c b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$b$$\end{document}-jets), additional criteria, or operating points, are defined with average efficiencies of 80, 60, and 50 %. The efficiencies for accepting c\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$W+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document} control regions, respectively. These distributions are provided as input to the simultaneous profile-likelihood-ratio fit described in Sect. 10 in order to determine the normalization of the background flavour components defined above. Following the fit, the data are well-described by the MC simulation.
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\begin{document}$$b$$\end{document}-jet purity generally increases from left to right. The dashed line shows the total background used as input to the fit. The contribution labelled as ‘Top’ includes both the tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}}^{\ell \ell } $$\end{document} distributions well in all Z+jets\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document} control regions.
For the VBF channel, no significant differences are seen in the Δϕjj\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Delta \phi _{jj} $$\end{document} and pTℓℓ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}}^{\ell \ell } $$\end{document} distributions, but there is a small difference in the mℓℓjj\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$m_{\ell \ell jj} $$\end{document} distribution in the control region. The simulated Z+jets\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document} background is corrected for this bin-by-bin and the full value of this correction is taken as an uncertainty, again uncorrelated between light- and heavy-flavour samples. No corrections are needed for the merged-jet ggF channel given the small sample size available.
It has been observed in an unfolded measurement of the pT\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t} $$\end{document} quark pairs that the simulation does not accurately describe the pTtt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}}^{t\bar{t}} $$\end{document} distribution [107]. To correct for this, tt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$7~\mathrm{TeV}$$\end{document} data from Ref. [107] in order to make the simulation match the data. The correction is validated for 8TeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$e\mu $$\end{document} top-quark control region, and the uncertainty in this correction is estimated by varying it from 50 to 150 % of its nominal value.
ATLAS uses a right-handed coordinate system with its origin at the nominal interaction point (IP) in the centre of the detector and the z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$z$$\end{document}-axis coinciding with the axis of the beam pipe. The x\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$r$$\end{document},ϕ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\phi $$\end{document}) coordinates, ΔR=(Δϕ)2+(Δη)2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\Delta R = \sqrt{(\Delta \phi )^2 + (\Delta \eta )^2}$$\end{document}, is also used to define cone sizes. Transverse momentum and energy are defined as pT=psinθ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} = p \sin \theta $$\end{document} and ET=Esinθ\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$E_{\text {T}} = E \sin \theta $$\end{document}, respectively.
The VBF channel is inclusive in quark flavour and hence dominated by the Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$Z$$\end{document} + light-quark jet background.
The background samples that use the parameterized fast simulation are: SherpaW/Z+jets\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$W/Z+\mathrm {jets} $$\end{document} production with pTW/Z<280GeV\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} ^{W/Z}<280~\mathrm{GeV}$$\end{document} (for higher pTW/Z\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p_{\text {T}} ^{W/Z}$$\end{document} the full simulation is used since it improves the description of the jet mass in the merged ℓℓqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\ell \ell qq $$\end{document} search described in Sect. 7.1.2); Powheg-Boxtt¯\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$t\bar{t} $$\end{document}, single top, and diboson production; and SM Pythiaqq¯→Zh\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$q\bar{q} \rightarrow Zh$$\end{document} and Powheg-Boxgg→Zh\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$gg \rightarrow Zh$$\end{document} production with h→bb\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$h \rightarrow bb$$\end{document}. The remaining background samples and the signal samples, with the exception of those used for the ννqq\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\nu \nu qq $$\end{document} search, use the full Geant 4 simulation.