PLB34216S0370-2693(18)30847-510.1016/j.physletb.2018.11.009The AuthorExperimentsFig. 1Opposite-sign spectrum N+−, the combinatorial background B and the signal S in minimum-bias (left) and high-multiplicity (right) events. Only statistical uncertainties are shown.Fig. 1Fig. 2The dielectron cross section in inelastic pp collisions at s=13TeV as a function of invariant mass (left) and of pair transverse momentum in different mass intervals (right). The global scale uncertainty on the pp luminosity (5%) is not shown. The statistical and systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as vertical bars and boxes. The expectation from the hadronic decay cocktail is shown as a band, and the bottom left plot shows the ratio data to cocktail together with the cocktail uncertainty.Fig. 2Fig. 3Ratio of dielectron spectra in HM and INEL events scaled by the charged-particle multiplicity. The statistical and systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as vertical bars and boxes. The expectation from the hadronic decay cocktail calculation is shown as a grey band.Fig. 3Fig. 4Ratio of dielectron spectra in HM and INEL events scaled by the charged-particle multiplicity in different pT,ee intervals. The statistical and systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as vertical bars and boxes. The expectation from the hadronic decay cocktail calculation is shown as a grey band.Fig. 4Fig. 5Projection of the heavy-flavour dielectron fit (grey line) in inelastic pp collisions at s=13TeV onto the dielectron mass (left) and pT,ee (right) using the Pythia and Powheg event generators. The lines show the charm (red) and beauty (magenta) contributions after the fit. The global scale uncertainty on the pp luminosity (5%) is not shown. The statistical and systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as vertical bars and boxes. The fits with Pythia and Powheg result in a χ2/ndf of 57.8/66 and 52.6/66, respectively.Fig. 5Table 1Sources of systematic uncertainties.Table 1SourceMinimum biasHigh multiplicityTrack reconstruction13%13%Electron identification2%2%Conversion rejection (mee < 0.14 GeV/c2)2%2%Acceptance correction factor (R)2%2%Vertex distribution bias–6%Multiplicity dependence of tracking and PID–6%Total14%15%Table 2Heavy-flavour cross sections in inelastic and high-multiplicity pp collisions at s=13TeV. The 22% (6%) branching fraction uncertainty for charm (beauty) decays into electrons is not listed. Like statistical and systematic uncertainties, it is fully correlated between the Pythia and Powheg based results.Table 2PythiaPowhegdσcc‾/dy|y=0974±138(stat.)±140(syst.)μb1417±184(stat.)±204(syst.)μbdσbb‾/dy|y=079±14(stat.)±11(syst.)μb48±14(stat.)±7(syst.)μbdσcc‾/dy|y=0HM4.14±0.67(stat.)±0.66(syst.)μb5.95±0.91(stat.)±0.95(syst.)μbdσbb‾/dy|y=0HM0.29±0.07(stat.)±0.05(syst.)μb0.17±0.07(stat.)±0.03(syst.)μbTable 3Upper limits at 90% C.L. on the direct-photon fractions in comparison with the expectation in inelastic pp collisions based on a NLO pQCD calculation for a factorisation and renormalisation scale choice of μ = pT [80].Table 3Data sample1<pT,ee<22<pT,ee<33<pT,ee<6GeV/cGeV/cGeV/cMinimum bias0.0570.0720.023High multiplicity0.0600.0830.055pQCD0.0030.0070.013Dielectron and heavy-quark production in inelastic and high-multiplicity proton–proton collisions at s=13TeVALICE Collaboration⋆S.Acharya139F.Torales-Acosta20D.Adamová93J.Adolfsson80M.M.Aggarwal98G.Aglieri Rinella34M.Agnello31N.Agrawal48Z.Ahammed139S.U.Ahn76S.Aiola144A.Akindinov64M.Al-Turany104S.N.Alam139D.S.D.Albuquerque121D.Aleksandrov87B.Alessandro58R.Alfaro Molina72Y.Ali15A.Alici102753A.Alkin2J.Alme22T.Alt69L.Altenkamper22I.Altsybeev111M.N.Anaam6C.Andrei47D.Andreou34H.A.Andrews108A.Andronic142104M.Angeletti34V.Anguelov102C.Anson16T.Antičić105F.Antinori56P.Antonioli53R.Anwar125N.Apadula79L.Aphecetche113H.Appelshäuser69S.Arcelli27R.Arnaldi58O.W.Arnold103116I.C.Arsene21M.Arslandok102A.Augustinus34R.Averbeck104M.D.Azmi17A.Badalà55Y.W.Baek6040S.Bagnasco58R.Bailhache69R.Bala99A.Baldisseri135M.Ball42R.C.Baral85A.M.Barbano26R.Barbera28F.Barile52L.Barioglio26G.G.Barnaföldi143L.S.Barnby92V.Barret132P.Bartalini6K.Barth34E.Bartsch69N.Bastid132S.Basu141G.Batigne113B.Batyunya75P.C.Batzing21J.L.Bazo Alba109I.G.Bearden88H.Beck102C.Bedda63N.K.Behera60I.Belikov134F.Bellini34H.Bello Martinez44R.Bellwied125L.G.E.Beltran119V.Belyaev91G.Bencedi143S.Beole26A.Bercuci47Y.Berdnikov96D.Berenyi143R.A.Bertens128D.Berzano3458L.Betev34P.P.Bhaduri139A.Bhasin99I.R.Bhat99H.Bhatt48B.Bhattacharjee41J.Bhom117A.Bianchi26L.Bianchi125N.Bianchi51J.Bielčík37J.Bielčíková93A.Bilandzic116103G.Biro143R.Biswas3S.Biswas3J.T.Blair118D.Blau87C.Blume69G.Boca137F.Bock34A.Bogdanov91L.Boldizsár143M.Bombara38G.Bonomi138M.Bonora34H.Borel135A.Borissov142M.Borri127E.Botta26C.Bourjau88L.Bratrud69P.Braun-Munzinger104M.Bregant120T.A.Broker69M.Broz37E.J.Brucken43E.Bruna58G.E.Bruno3433D.Budnikov106H.Buesching69S.Bufalino31P.Buhler112P.Buncic34O.Busch131iZ.Buthelezi73J.B.Butt15J.T.Buxton95J.Cabala115D.Caffarri89H.Caines144A.Caliva104E.Calvo Villar109R.S.Camacho44P.Camerini25A.A.Capon112F.Carena34W.Carena34F.Carnesecchi2710J.Castillo Castellanos135A.J.Castro128E.A.R.Casula54C.Ceballos Sanchez8S.Chandra139B.Chang126W.Chang6S.Chapeland34M.Chartier127S.Chattopadhyay139S.Chattopadhyay107A.Chauvin103116C.Cheshkov133B.Cheynis133V.Chibante Barroso34D.D.Chinellato121S.Cho60P.Chochula34T.Chowdhury132P.Christakoglou89C.H.Christensen88P.Christiansen80T.Chujo131S.U.Chung18C.Cicalo54L.Cifarelli1027F.Cindolo53J.Cleymans124F.Colamaria52D.Colella6552A.Collu79M.Colocci27M.Concas58iiG.Conesa Balbastre78Z.Conesa del Valle61J.G.Contreras37T.M.Cormier94Y.Corrales Morales58P.Cortese32M.R.Cosentino122F.Costa34S.Costanza137J.Crkovská61P.Crochet132E.Cuautle70L.Cunqueiro14294T.Dahms103116A.Dainese56S.Dani66M.C.Danisch102A.Danu68D.Das107I.Das107S.Das3A.Dash85S.Dash48A.Dashi103116S.De49A.De Caro30G.de Cataldo52C.de Conti120J.de Cuveland39A.De Falco24D.De Gruttola1030N.De Marco58S.De Pasquale30R.D.De Souza121H.F.Degenhardt120A.Deisting104102A.Deloff84S.Delsanto26C.Deplano89P.Dhankher48D.Di Bari33A.Di Mauro34B.Di Ruzza56R.A.Diaz8T.Dietel124P.Dillenseger69Y.Ding6R.Divià34Ø.Djuvsland22A.Dobrin34D.Domenicis Gimenez120B.Dönigus69O.Dordic21L.V.R.Doremalen63A.K.Dubey139A.Dubla104L.Ducroux133S.Dudi98A.K.Duggal98M.Dukhishyam85P.Dupieux132R.J.Ehlers144D.Elia52E.Endress109H.Engel74E.Epple144B.Erazmus113F.Erhardt97M.R.Ersdal22B.Espagnon61G.Eulisse34J.Eum18D.Evans108S.Evdokimov90L.Fabbietti103116M.Faggin29J.Faivre78A.Fantoni51M.Fasel94L.Feldkamp142A.Feliciello58G.Feofilov111A.Fernández Téllez44A.Ferretti26A.Festanti34V.J.G.Feuillard102J.Figiel117M.A.S.Figueredo120S.Filchagin106D.Finogeev62F.M.Fionda22G.Fiorenza52F.Flor125M.Floris34S.Foertsch73P.Foka104S.Fokin87E.Fragiacomo59A.Francescon34A.Francisco113U.Frankenfeld104G.G.Fronze26U.Fuchs34C.Furget78A.Furs62M.Fusco Girard30J.J.Gaardhøje88M.Gagliardi26A.M.Gago109K.Gajdosova88M.Gallio26C.D.Galvan119P.Ganoti83C.Garabatos104E.Garcia-Solis11K.Garg28C.Gargiulo34P.Gasik116103E.F.Gauger118M.B.Gay Ducati71M.Germain113J.Ghosh107P.Ghosh139S.K.Ghosh3P.Gianotti51P.Giubellino10458P.Giubilato29P.Glässel102D.M.Goméz Coral72A.Gomez Ramirez74V.Gonzalez104P.González-Zamora44S.Gorbunov39L.Görlich117S.Gotovac35V.Grabski72L.K.Graczykowski140K.L.Graham108L.Greiner79A.Grelli63C.Grigoras34V.Grigoriev91A.Grigoryan1S.Grigoryan75J.M.Gronefeld104F.Grosa31J.F.Grosse-Oetringhaus34R.Grosso104R.Guernane78B.Guerzoni27M.Guittiere113K.Gulbrandsen88T.Gunji130A.Gupta99R.Gupta99I.B.Guzman44R.Haake34M.K.Habib104C.Hadjidakis61H.Hamagaki81G.Hamar143M.Hamid6J.C.Hamon134R.Hannigan118M.R.Haque63A.Harlenderova104J.W.Harris144A.Harton11H.Hassan78D.Hatzifotiadou5310S.Hayashi130S.T.Heckel69E.Hellbär69H.Helstrup36A.Herghelegiu47E.G.Hernandez44G.Herrera Corral9F.Herrmann142K.F.Hetland36T.E.Hilden43H.Hillemanns34C.Hills127B.Hippolyte134B.Hohlweger103D.Horak37S.Hornung104R.Hosokawa13178J.Hota66P.Hristov34C.Huang61C.Hughes128P.Huhn69T.J.Humanic95H.Hushnud107N.Hussain41T.Hussain17D.Hutter39D.S.Hwang19J.P.Iddon127S.A.Iga Buitron70R.Ilkaev106M.Inaba131M.Ippolitov87M.S.Islam107M.Ivanov104V.Ivanov96V.Izucheev90B.Jacak79N.Jacazio27P.M.Jacobs79M.B.Jadhav48S.Jadlovska115J.Jadlovsky115S.Jaelani63C.Jahnke120116M.J.Jakubowska140M.A.Janik140C.Jena85M.Jercic97O.Jevons108R.T.Jimenez Bustamante104M.Jin125P.G.Jones108A.Jusko108P.Kalinak65A.Kalweit34J.H.Kang145V.Kaplin91S.Kar6A.Karasu 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Rocca28Y.S.Lai79I.Lakomov34R.Langoy123K.Lapidus144A.Lardeux21P.Larionov51E.Laudi34R.Lavicka37R.Lea25L.Leardini102S.Lee145F.Lehas89S.Lehner112J.Lehrbach39R.C.Lemmon92I.León Monzón119P.Lévai143X.Li12X.L.Li6J.Lien123R.Lietava108B.Lim18S.Lindal21V.Lindenstruth39S.W.Lindsay127C.Lippmann104M.A.Lisa95V.Litichevskyi43A.Liu79H.M.Ljunggren80W.J.Llope141D.F.Lodato63V.Loginov91C.Loizides9479P.Loncar35X.Lopez132E.López Torres8A.Lowe143P.Luettig69J.R.Luhder142M.Lunardon29G.Luparello59M.Lupi34A.Maevskaya62M.Mager34S.M.Mahmood21A.Maire134R.D.Majka144M.Malaev96Q.W.Malik21L.Malinina75iiiD.Mal'Kevich64P.Malzacher104A.Mamonov106V.Manko87F.Manso132V.Manzari52Y.Mao6M.Marchisone12973133J.Mareš67G.V.Margagliotti25A.Margotti53J.Margutti63A.Marín104C.Markert118M.Marquard69N.A.Martin104P.Martinengo34J.L.Martinez125M.I.Martínez44G.Martínez García113M.Martinez Pedreira34S.Masciocchi104M.Masera26A.Masoni54L.Massacrier61E.Masson113A.Mastroserio52136A.M.Mathis116103P.F.T.Matuoka120A.Matyja117128C.Mayer117M.Mazzilli33M.A.Mazzoni57F.Meddi23Y.Melikyan91A.Menchaca-Rocha72E.Meninno30J.Mercado Pérez102M.Meres14C.S.Meza109S.Mhlanga124Y.Miake131L.Micheletti26M.M.Mieskolainen43D.L.Mihaylov103K.Mikhaylov6475A.Mischke63A.N.Mishra70D.Miśkowiec104J.Mitra139C.M.Mitu68N.Mohammadi34A.P.Mohanty63B.Mohanty85M.Mohisin Khan17ivD.A.Moreira De Godoy142L.A.P.Moreno44S.Moretto29A.Morreale113A.Morsch34T.Mrnjavac34V.Muccifora51E.Mudnic35D.Mühlheim142S.Muhuri139M.Mukherjee3J.D.Mulligan144M.G.Munhoz120K.Münning42M.I.A.Munoz79R.H.Munzer69H.Murakami130S.Murray73L.Musa34J.Musinsky65C.J.Myers125J.W.Myrcha140B.Naik48R.Nair84B.K.Nandi48R.Nania5310E.Nappi52A.Narayan48M.U.Naru15A.F.Nassirpour80H.Natal da Luz120C.Nattrass128S.R.Navarro44K.Nayak85R.Nayak48T.K.Nayak139S.Nazarenko106R.A.Negrao De Oliveira6934L.Nellen70S.V.Nesbo36G.Neskovic39F.Ng125M.Nicassio104J.Niedziela14034B.S.Nielsen88S.Nikolaev87S.Nikulin87V.Nikulin96F.Noferini1053P.Nomokonov75G.Nooren63J.C.C.Noris44J.Norman78A.Nyanin87J.Nystrand22H.Oh145A.Ohlson102J.Oleniacz140A.C.Oliveira Da Silva120M.H.Oliver144J.Onderwaater104C.Oppedisano58R.Orava43M.Oravec115A.Ortiz Velasquez70A.Oskarsson80J.Otwinowski117K.Oyama81Y.Pachmayer102V.Pacik88D.Pagano138G.Paić70P.Palni6J.Pan141A.K.Pandey48S.Panebianco135V.Papikyan1P.Pareek49J.Park60J.E.Parkkila126S.Parmar98A.Passfeld142S.P.Pathak125R.N.Patra139B.Paul58H.Pei6T.Peitzmann63X.Peng6L.G.Pereira71H.Pereira Da Costa135D.Peresunko87E.Perez 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Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation, Yerevan, ArmeniaA.I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) FoundationYerevanArmenia2Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, UkraineBogolyubov Institute for Theoretical PhysicsNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKievUkraine3Bose Institute, Department of Physics and Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS), Kolkata, IndiaBose InstituteDepartment of PhysicsCentre for Astroparticle Physics and Space Science (CAPSS)KolkataIndia4Budker Institute for Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, RussiaBudker Institute for Nuclear PhysicsNovosibirskRussia5California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, United StatesCalifornia Polytechnic State UniversitySan Luis ObispoCAUnited States6Central China Normal University, Wuhan, ChinaCentral China Normal UniversityWuhanChina7Centre de Calcul de l'IN2P3, Villeurbanne, Lyon, FranceCentre de Calcul de l'IN2P3VilleurbanneLyonFrance8Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Havana, CubaCentro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN)HavanaCuba9Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Mexico City and Mérida, MexicoCentro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)Mexico City and MéridaMexico10Centro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, Rome, ItalyCentro Fermi – Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”RomeItaly11Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, United StatesChicago State UniversityChicagoILUnited States12China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing, ChinaChina Institute of Atomic EnergyBeijingChina13Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of KoreaChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuRepublic of Korea14Comenius University Bratislava, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Bratislava, SlovakiaComenius University BratislavaFaculty of Mathematics, Physics and InformaticsBratislavaSlovakia15COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), Islamabad, PakistanCOMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT)IslamabadPakistan16Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United StatesCreighton UniversityOmahaNEUnited States17Department of Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, IndiaDepartment of PhysicsAligarh Muslim UniversityAligarhIndia18Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of KoreaDepartment of PhysicsPusan National UniversityPusanRepublic of Korea19Department of Physics, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of PhysicsSejong UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea20Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, United StatesDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUnited States21Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of OsloOsloNorway22Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayDepartment of Physics and TechnologyUniversity of BergenBergenNorway23Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università ‘La Sapienza’ and Sezione INFN, Rome, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica dell'Università‘La Sapienza’Sezione INFNRomeItaly24Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Cagliari, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica dell'UniversitàSezione INFNCagliariItaly25Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Trieste, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica dell'UniversitàSezione INFNTriesteItaly26Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Turin, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica dell'UniversitàSezione INFNTurinItaly27Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Bologna, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'UniversitàSezione INFNBolognaItaly28Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Catania, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'UniversitàSezione INFNCataniaItaly29Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'Università and Sezione INFN, Padova, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia dell'UniversitàSezione INFNPadovaItaly30Dipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell'Università and Gruppo Collegato INFN, Salerno, ItalyDipartimento di Fisica ‘E.R. Caianiello’ dell'UniversitàGruppo Collegato INFNSalernoItaly31Dipartimento DISAT del Politecnico and Sezione INFN, Turin, ItalyDipartimento DISAT del PolitecnicoSezione INFNTurinItaly32Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell'Università del Piemonte Orientale and INFN Sezione di Torino, Alessandria, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica dell'Università del Piemonte OrientaleINFN Sezione di TorinoAlessandriaItaly33Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’ and Sezione INFN, Bari, ItalyDipartimento Interateneo di Fisica ‘M. Merlin’Sezione INFNBariItaly34European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, SwitzerlandEuropean Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)GenevaSwitzerland35Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, CroatiaFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval ArchitectureUniversity of SplitSplitCroatia36Faculty of Engineering and Science, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, NorwayFaculty of Engineering and ScienceWestern Norway University of Applied SciencesBergenNorway37Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech RepublicFaculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical EngineeringCzech Technical University in PraguePragueCzech Republic38Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Košice, SlovakiaFaculty of ScienceP.J. Šafárik UniversityKošiceSlovakia39Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyFrankfurt Institute for Advanced StudiesJohann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany40Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Republic of KoreaGangneung-Wonju National UniversityGangneungRepublic of Korea41Gauhati University, Department of Physics, Guwahati, IndiaGauhati UniversityDepartment of PhysicsGuwahatiIndia42Helmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und Kernphysik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, GermanyHelmholtz-Institut für Strahlen- und KernphysikRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität BonnBonnGermany43Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Helsinki, FinlandHelsinki Institute of Physics (HIP)HelsinkiFinland44High Energy Physics Group, Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, MexicoHigh Energy Physics GroupUniversidad Autónoma de PueblaPueblaMexico45Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, JapanHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan46Hochschule Worms, Zentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT), Worms, GermanyHochschule WormsZentrum für Technologietransfer und Telekommunikation (ZTT)WormsGermany47Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, RomaniaHoria Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear EngineeringBucharestRomania48Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT), Mumbai, IndiaIndian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT)MumbaiIndia49Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, IndiaIndian Institute of Technology IndoreIndoreIndia50Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jakarta, IndonesiaIndonesian Institute of SciencesJakartaIndonesia51INFN, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, ItalyINFN, Laboratori Nazionali di FrascatiFrascatiItaly52INFN, Sezione di Bari, Bari, ItalyINFN, Sezione di BariBariItaly53INFN, Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, ItalyINFN, Sezione di BolognaBolognaItaly54INFN, Sezione di Cagliari, Cagliari, ItalyINFN, Sezione di CagliariCagliariItaly55INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyINFN, Sezione di CataniaCataniaItaly56INFN, Sezione di Padova, Padova, ItalyINFN, Sezione di PadovaPadovaItaly57INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, ItalyINFN, Sezione di RomaRomeItaly58INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, ItalyINFN, Sezione di TorinoTurinItaly59INFN, Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, ItalyINFN, Sezione di TriesteTriesteItaly60Inha University, Incheon, Republic of KoreaInha UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea61Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS), Université de Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, FranceInstitut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO)Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3/CNRS)Université de Paris-SudUniversité Paris-SaclayOrsayFrance62Institute for Nuclear Research, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaInstitute for Nuclear ResearchAcademy of SciencesMoscowRussia63Institute for Subatomic Physics, Utrecht University/Nikhef, Utrecht, NetherlandsInstitute for Subatomic PhysicsUtrecht University/NikhefUtrechtNetherlands64Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, RussiaInstitute for Theoretical and Experimental PhysicsMoscowRussia65Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, SlovakiaInstitute of Experimental PhysicsSlovak Academy of SciencesKošiceSlovakia66Institute of Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar, IndiaInstitute of PhysicsHomi Bhabha National InstituteBhubaneswarIndia67Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of SciencesPragueCzech Republic68Institute of Space Science (ISS), Bucharest, RomaniaInstitute of Space Science (ISS)BucharestRomania69Institut für Kernphysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GermanyInstitut für KernphysikJohann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität FrankfurtFrankfurtGermany70Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de Ciencias NuclearesUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico71Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, BrazilInstituto de FísicaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil72Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, MexicoInstituto de FísicaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico73iThemba LABS, National Research Foundation, Somerset West, South AfricaiThemba LABSNational Research FoundationSomerset WestSouth Africa74Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe Universität Frankfurt Institut für Informatik, Fachbereich Informatik und Mathematik, Frankfurt, GermanyJohann-Wolfgang-Goethe UniversitätFrankfurt Institut für InformatikFachbereich Informatik und MathematikFrankfurtGermany75Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, RussiaJoint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR)DubnaRussia76Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Republic of KoreaKorea Institute of Science and Technology InformationDaejeonRepublic of Korea77KTO Karatay University, Konya, TurkeyKTO Karatay UniversityKonyaTurkey78Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie, Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS-IN2P3, Grenoble, FranceLaboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de CosmologieUniversité Grenoble-AlpesCNRS-IN2P3GrenobleFrance79Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United StatesLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCAUnited States80Lund University Department of Physics, Division of Particle Physics, Lund, SwedenLund University Department of PhysicsDivision of Particle PhysicsLundSweden81Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, JapanNagasaki Institute of Applied ScienceNagasakiJapan82Nara Women's University (NWU), Nara, JapanNara Women's University (NWU)NaraJapan83National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Science, Department of Physics, Athens, GreeceNational and Kapodistrian University of AthensSchool of ScienceDepartment of PhysicsAthensGreece84National Centre for Nuclear Research, Warsaw, PolandNational Centre for Nuclear ResearchWarsawPoland85National Institute of Science Education and Research, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Jatni, IndiaNational Institute of Science Education and ResearchHomi Bhabha National InstituteJatniIndia86National Nuclear Research Center, Baku, AzerbaijanNational Nuclear Research CenterBakuAzerbaijan87National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, RussiaNational Research Centre Kurchatov InstituteMoscowRussia88Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DenmarkNiels Bohr InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark89Nikhef, National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Amsterdam, NetherlandsNikhefNational Institute for Subatomic PhysicsAmsterdamNetherlands90NRC Kurchatov Institute IHEP, Protvino, RussiaNRC Kurchatov InstituteIHEPProtvinoRussia91NRNU Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, RussiaNRNU Moscow Engineering Physics InstituteMoscowRussia92Nuclear Physics Group, STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, United KingdomNuclear Physics GroupSTFC Daresbury LaboratoryDaresburyUnited Kingdom93Nuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež u Prahy, Czech RepublicNuclear Physics Institute of the Czech Academy of SciencesŘež u PrahyCzech Republic94Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United StatesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTNUnited States95Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United StatesOhio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States96Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina, RussiaPetersburg Nuclear Physics InstituteGatchinaRussia97Physics Department, Faculty of science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, CroatiaPhysics DepartmentFaculty of science, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia98Physics Department, Panjab University, Chandigarh, IndiaPhysics DepartmentPanjab UniversityChandigarhIndia99Physics Department, University of Jammu, Jammu, IndiaPhysics DepartmentUniversity of JammuJammuIndia100Physics Department, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, IndiaPhysics DepartmentUniversity of RajasthanJaipurIndia101Physikalisches Institut, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyPhysikalisches InstitutEberhard-Karls-Universität TübingenTübingenGermany102Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyPhysikalisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany103Physik Department, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyPhysik DepartmentTechnische Universität MünchenMunichGermany104Research Division and ExtreMe Matter Institute EMMI, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Darmstadt, GermanyResearch DivisionExtreMe Matter Institute EMMIGSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbHDarmstadtGermany105Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, CroatiaRudjer Bošković InstituteZagrebCroatia106Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF), Sarov, RussiaRussian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF)SarovRussia107Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, IndiaSaha Institute of Nuclear PhysicsHomi Bhabha National InstituteKolkataIndia108School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United KingdomSchool of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUnited Kingdom109Sección Física, Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, PeruSección FísicaDepartamento de CienciasPontificia Universidad Católica del PerúLimaPeru110Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai, ChinaShanghai Institute of Applied PhysicsShanghaiChina111St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, RussiaSt. Petersburg State UniversitySt. PetersburgRussia112Stefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI), Vienna, AustriaStefan Meyer Institut für Subatomare Physik (SMI)ViennaAustria113SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, Université de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Nantes, FranceSUBATECHIMT AtlantiqueUniversité de NantesCNRS-IN2P3NantesFrance114Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, ThailandSuranaree University of TechnologyNakhon RatchasimaThailand115Technical University of Košice, Košice, SlovakiaTechnical University of KošiceKošiceSlovakia116Technische Universität München, Excellence Cluster ‘Universe’, Munich, GermanyTechnische Universität MünchenExcellence Cluster ‘Universe’MunichGermany117The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Cracow, PolandThe Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear PhysicsPolish Academy of SciencesCracowPoland118The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United StatesThe University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUnited States119Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma de SinaloaCuliacánMexico120Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade de São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil121Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, BrazilUniversidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)CampinasBrazil122Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo Andre, BrazilUniversidade Federal do ABCSanto AndreBrazil123University College of Southeast Norway, Tonsberg, NorwayUniversity College of Southeast NorwayTonsbergNorway124University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South AfricaUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa125University of Houston, Houston, TX, United StatesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUnited States126University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, FinlandUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland127University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United KingdomUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUnited Kingdom128University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United StatesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTNUnited States129University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa130University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JapanUniversity of TokyoTokyoJapan131University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JapanUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan132Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, LPC, Clermont-Ferrand, FranceUniversité Clermont AuvergneCNRS/IN2P3LPCClermont-FerrandFrance133Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS/IN2P3, IPN-Lyon, Villeurbanne, Lyon, FranceUniversité de LyonUniversité Lyon 1CNRS/IN2P3IPN-LyonVilleurbanneLyonFrance134Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, France, Strasbourg, FranceUniversité de StrasbourgCNRSIPHC UMR 7178Strasbourg, FranceStrasbourgF-67000France135Université Paris-Saclay Centre dÉtudes de Saclay (CEA), IRFU, Department de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN), Saclay, FranceUniversité Paris-Saclay Centre dÉtudes de Saclay (CEA)IRFUDepartment de Physique Nucléaire (DPhN)SaclayFrance136Università degli Studi di Foggia, Foggia, ItalyUniversità degli Studi di FoggiaFoggiaItaly137Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, ItalyUniversità degli Studi di PaviaPaviaItaly138Università di Brescia, Brescia, ItalyUniversità di BresciaBresciaItaly139Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Kolkata, IndiaVariable Energy Cyclotron CentreHomi Bhabha National InstituteKolkataIndia140Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, PolandWarsaw University of TechnologyWarsawPoland141Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United StatesWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUnited States142Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Kernphysik, Münster, GermanyWestfälische Wilhelms-Universität MünsterInstitut für KernphysikMünsterGermany143Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, HungaryWigner Research Centre for PhysicsHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary144Yale University, New Haven, CT, United StatesYale UniversityNew HavenCTUnited States145Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of KoreaYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of KoreaiDeceased.iiDipartimento DET del Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.iiiM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear, Physics, Moscow, Russia.ivDepartment of Applied Physics, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.vInstitute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wroclaw, Poland.⋆E-mail address: alice-publications@cern.ch.Editor: M. DoserAbstractThe measurement of dielectron production is presented as a function of invariant mass and transverse momentum (pT) at midrapidity (|ye|<0.8) in proton–proton (pp) collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of s=13 TeV. The contributions from light-hadron decays are calculated from their measured cross sections in pp collisions at s=7 TeV or 13 TeV. The remaining continuum stems from correlated semileptonic decays of heavy-flavour hadrons. Fitting the data with templates from two different MC event generators, PYTHIA and POWHEG, the charm and beauty cross sections at midrapidity are extracted for the first time at this collision energy: dσcc¯/dy|y=0=974±138(stat.)±140(syst.)±214(BR)μb and dσbb¯/dy|y=0=79±14(stat.)±11(syst.)±5(BR)μb using PYTHIA simulations and dσcc¯/dy|y=0=1417±184(stat.)±204(syst.)±312(BR)μb and dσbb¯/dy|y=0=48±14(stat.)±7(syst.)±3(BR)μb for POWHEG. These values, whose uncertainties are fully correlated between the two generators, are consistent with extrapolations from lower energies. The different results obtained with POWHEG and PYTHIA imply different kinematic correlations of the heavy-quark pairs in these two generators. Furthermore, comparisons of dielectron spectra in inelastic events and in events collected with a trigger on high charged-particle multiplicities are presented in various pT intervals. The differences are consistent with the already measured scaling of light-hadron and open-charm production at high charged-particle multiplicity as a function of pT. Upper limits for the contribution of virtual direct photons are extracted at 90% confidence level and found to be in agreement with pQCD calculations.1IntroductionHeavy-flavour quarks (charm and beauty) are copiously produced by inelastic partonic scatterings in high-energy proton–proton (pp) collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Their large masses (mQ) make it possible to calculate their production cross sections with perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) [1–3]. Hence, experimental measurements of heavy-quark production provide an excellent test of pQCD in this energy regime. Flavour conservation allows heavy quarks to be only produced in pairs. Charm hadrons and their decay products reflect the initial angular correlation of the heavy-quark pairs, whereas in the case of decays of beauty hadrons the correlation is weakened due to their large masses. The contribution from the simultaneous semileptonic decays of the corresponding heavy-flavour hadron pairs dominates the dilepton yield in the intermediate mass region (IMR) 1<mℓℓ<3GeV/c2. Hence, dielectron measurements can be used to study charm and beauty production.The ALICE Collaboration has reported charm and beauty production cross section measurements at midrapidity (|y|<0.5) in pp collisions at centre-of-mass energies of s=2.76 and 7TeV [4–10]. The charm measurement at s=7TeV is complemented by ATLAS data extending to higher transverse momentum (pT) and |y|<2.1 [11]. Furthermore, the CMS Collaboration has provided a variety of charm and bottom measurements at midrapidity at s=2.76, 5 and 7 TeV [12–20]. At forward rapidity (2<y<5), the LHCb Collaboration has measured charm and beauty production cross sections in pp collisions at s=5, 7, 8 and 13 TeV [21–24]. These results are generally in good agreement with pQCD calculations at next-to-leading order (NLO) in the strong coupling constant (αs) with all-order resummation of the logarithms of pT/mQ (FONLL) [1–3]. Though the measured charm production cross sections consistently lie on the upper edge of the systematic uncertainties of the theory calculations. Recently, the ALICE Collaboration has measured the charm and beauty production cross sections in pp collisions at s=7TeV using electron–positron pairs (dielectrons) from correlated semileptonic decays of heavy-flavour hadrons [25]. Such an approach was first performed by the PHENIX Collaboration in pp and d–Au collisions at sNN=200GeV at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) [26–28]. These measurements have the advantage that they probe the full pT range of heavy-quark pairs and contain complementary information about the initial correlation of charm quarks, i.e. the underlying production mechanism, which is not accessible in conventional single heavy-flavour measurements.The measurement of direct photons, i.e. those produced in hard scatterings between incoming partons in hadronic collisions, provides another important test of pQCD. Furthermore, at pT<3GeV/c, where the applicability of perturbation theory may be questionable, experimental data of direct-photon production in pp collisions serve as a crucial reference to establish the presence of thermal radiation from the hot and dense medium created in heavy-ion collisions [29–32]. The measurement of real (massless) direct photons at low pT is challenging because of the large background of hadron decay photons. This background can be largely reduced by measuring the contribution of virtual direct photons, i.e. direct e+e− pairs, to the dielectron invariant-mass spectrum above the π0 mass [29,30].Proton–proton collisions in which a large number of charged particles are produced have recently attracted the interest of the heavy-ion community [33,34]. These events exhibit features that are similar to those observed in heavy-ion collisions, e.g. collective effects, such as long-range angular correlations [35–40] or enhanced strangeness production [41]. Charged-hadron pT spectra in pp collisions at s=13TeV show a hardening with increasing multiplicity, an effect that arises naturally from jets [42]. Also, heavy-quark production is found to scale faster than linearly with the charged-particle multiplicity in pp collisions at s=7TeV [43,44]. This motivates the study of dielectron production in high-multiplicity pp collisions. In the low mass region (mee<1GeV/c2), dielectron measurements provide further insight into possible modifications of the light vector and pseudo-scalar meson production via their resonance and/or Dalitz decays, whereas in the IMR they allow for complementary studies of the heavy-flavour production. At LHC energies, the contribution from open charm already dominates the dielectron continuum at mee≈0.5GeV/c2. Moreover, if a thermalised system were created in such high-multiplicity pp collisions, a signal of thermal (virtual) photons should be present.In this letter, first results of charm and beauty production cross sections at midrapidity in inelastic (INEL) and high-multiplicity (HM) pp collisions at s=13TeV are reported. The paper is organised as follows: the ALICE apparatus and the data samples used in the analysis are described in Section 2, the data analysis is discussed in Section 3, Section 4 introduces the cocktail of known hadronic sources, and the results are presented and discussed in Section 5.2The ALICE detector and data samplesA detailed description of the ALICE apparatus and its performance can be found in [45–48]. The detectors used in this analysis are briefly described below.Trajectories of charged particles are reconstructed in the ALICE central barrel with the Inner Tracking System (ITS) and the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) that reside within a solenoid, which provides a homogeneous magnetic field of 0.5 T along the beam direction. The ITS consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors, with radial distances from the beam axis between 3.9 cm and 43 cm. The two innermost layers are equipped with Silicon Pixel Detectors (SPD), the two intermediate layers are composed of Silicon Drift Detectors, and the two outermost layers are made of Silicon Strip Detectors. The TPC, main tracking device in the ALICE central barrel, is a 5 m long cylindrical gaseous detector extending from 85 cm to 247 cm in radial direction. It provides up to 159 spacial points per track for charged-particle reconstruction and particle identification (PID) through the measurement of the specific ionisation energy loss dE/dx in the gas volume.The PID is complemented by the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) system located at a radial distance of 3.7 m from the nominal interaction point. It measures the arrival time of particles relative to the event collision time provided by the TOF detector itself or by the T0 detectors, two arrays of Cherenkov counters located at forward rapidities [49].Collision events are triggered by the V0 detector that comprises two plastic scintillator arrays placed on both sides of the interaction point at pseudorapidities 2.8<η<5.1 and −3.7<η<−1.7. The V0 is also used to reject background events like beam-gas interactions, collisions with de-bunched protons or with mechanical structures of the beam line.The data samples used in this letter were recorded with ALICE in 2016 during the LHC pp run at s=13TeV. For the minimum-bias event trigger that is used to define the data sample for the analysis of inelastic pp collisions, coincident signals in both V0 scintillators are required to be synchronous with the beam crossing time defined by the LHC clock. Events with high charged-particle multiplicities are triggered on by additionally requiring the total signal amplitude measured in the V0 detector to exceed a certain threshold. At the analysis level, the 0.036 percentile of inelastic events with the highest V0 multiplicity (V0M) is selected to define the high-multiplicity event class. This value is low enough to avoid inefficiencies due to trigger threshold variations during data taking. Track segments reconstructed in the SPD are extrapolated back to the beam line to define the interaction vertex. Events with multiple vertices identified with the SPD are tagged as pile-up and removed from the analysis [48]. The vertex information may be improved based on the information provided by tracks reconstructed in the ITS and TPC. To assure a uniform detector coverage within |η|<0.8, the vertex position along the beam direction is restricted to ±10 cm around the nominal interaction point. A total of 455×106 minimum-bias (MB) pp events and 79.2×106 high-multiplicity pp events are considered for further analysis, which corresponds to an integrated luminosity of LintMB=7.87±0.40nb−1 and LintHM=2.79±0.15pb−1, respectively. The luminosity determination is based on the visible cross section for the V0-based minimum-bias trigger, measured in a van der Meer scan carried out in 2015 [50]. A conservative uncertainty of 5% is assigned to this measurement, to account for possible variations of the cross section between the two data-taking periods.3Data analysisElectron11The term ‘electron’ is used for both electrons and positrons if not stated otherwise. candidates are selected from charged-particle tracks reconstructed in the ITS and TPC in the kinematic range |ηe|<0.8 and pT,e>0.2GeV/c. Basic track quality criteria are applied, e.g. a sufficient number of space points measured in the TPC and ITS as well as a good track fit. The contribution from secondary tracks is reduced by requiring a maximum distance of closest approach (DCA) to the primary vertex in the transverse plane (DCAxy<1.0cm) and in the longitudinal direction (DCAz<3.0cm). To further suppress the contribution from photon conversions in the detector material, electron candidates are required to have a hit in the first SPD layer and no ITS clusters shared with other reconstructed tracks.The electron identification is based on the complementary information provided by the TPC and TOF. The detector PID response, n(σiDET), is expressed in terms of the deviation between the measured and expected value of the specific ionisation energy loss in the TPC or time-of-flight in the TOF for a given particle hypothesis i and momentum, normalised by the detector resolution (σDET). In the TPC, electrons are selected in the range |n(σeTPC)|<3 and pions are rejected by requiring n(σπTPC)>4. Furthermore, kaons and protons are rejected with |n(σKTPC)|>4 and |n(σpTPC)|>4, unless the candidate is positively identified as an electron in the TOF, i.e. fulfilling |n(σeTOF)|<3. For particles that are outside |n(σKTPC)|<4 and |n(σpTPC)|<4 the TOF information is only used to select electron candidates with |n(σeTOF)|<3 if the track has an associated hit in the TOF detector.Since experimentally the origin of each electron or positron is unknown, all electron candidates are paired considering combinations with opposite (N+−) but also same-sign charge (N±±). Most of the electron pairs arise from the combination of two electrons originating from different mother particles. These pairs give rise to the combinatorial background B that is estimated via the geometric mean of same-sign pairs N++N−− within the same event. Opposite- and same-sign pairs include correlated background, e.g. originating from π0 decays with two e+e− pairs in the final state (π0→γ(⁎)γ(⁎)→e+e−e+e−), which includes decay channels with real photons and their subsequent conversion in detector material. Such processes lead to opposite and same-sign pairs at equal rate. The background estimate needs to be corrected for the different detector acceptance of opposite and same-sign pairs. This correction factor is determined by dividing the yields of uncorrelated opposite (M+−) and same-sign pairs (M±±) in mixed events: R=M+−/(2M++M−−). The dielectron signal is then obtained as S=N+−−B=N+−−2RN++N−−. The signal S is shown together with the opposite-sign spectrum N+− and the combinatorial background B in Fig. 1 for minimum-bias and high-multiplicity events. In the mass interval 0.2<mee<3GeV/c2, the signal-to-background ratio varies in MB events between 0.3 and 0.04 with a minimum around mee≈0.5GeV/c2 and is roughly constant at 0.2 in the IMR [51]. In HM events, the minimum reaches 0.01 and is about 0.08 in the IMR.Electron–positron pairs from photon conversion in the detector material, contributing to the low mass spectrum below 0.14GeV/c2, are removed by using their distinct orientation relative to the magnetic field [25].The data are corrected for the reconstruction efficiencies using detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. For this, pp events are generated with the Monash 2013 tune of Pythia 8 [52] for light-hadron decays and the Perugia 2011 tune of Pythia 6.4 for heavy-flavour decays [53] and the resulting particles are propagated through a detector simulation using Geant 3 [54]. The choice of the different Pythia versions is motivated by the fact that the Perugia 2011 tune describes reasonably well the transverse momentum spectra of heavy-flavour hadrons while the Monash 2013 tune reproduces many of the relevant light-hadron multiplicities [55,56]. The signal reconstruction efficiencies were studied as a function of mee and pair transverse momentum pT,ee separately for the different e+e− sources: resonance and Dalitz decays of relevant mesons as well as correlated semileptonic decays of charm and beauty hadrons. The total signal reconstruction efficiency is obtained by weighting the efficiency of each dielectron source by its expected contribution and is found to be about 20% in 0.7<mee<1.2GeV/c2 and approaches 30% at lower and higher masses.Different aspects of the analysis are considered as possible sources of systematic uncertainties, which are summarised in Table 1. The systematic uncertainties due to the track reconstruction are estimated by comparing the efficiency of the ITS–TPC matching, the requirement of a hit in the first SPD layer, and the requirement of no shared ITS clusters in MC simulations and data. The residual disagreements between data and MC add to a 6.5% uncertainty on the single track level, which leads to a 13% uncertainty for pairs. The MC simulations were also checked to reproduce all details of the PID selection within a systematic uncertainty of 2% for e+e− pairs. The purity of the electron sample is estimated to be >93% over the relevant pT range, with a pT-integrated hadron contamination of about 4%. The resulting hadron contamination on the dielectron signal is found to be negligible. For mee<0.14GeV/c2, a 2% uncertainty on the conversion rejection was estimated from the yield change when tightening the selection to reject photon conversions. A 2% uncertainty on the signal yield due to the correction factor R is obtained by repeating the event mixing in different event classes, defined by the position of the reconstructed primary vertex and by the charged-particle multiplicity. The efficiency of the minimum-bias trigger to select inelastic events with an e+e− pair in the ALICE acceptance (|ηe|<0.8 and pT,e>0.2GeV/c) is estimated to be (99±1)% from the Monash 2013 tune of Pythia 8. This and the luminosity uncertainty of 5% [50] are global uncertainties, which are not included in the point-to-point uncertainties. No significant variation of systematic uncertainties on mass or pT,ee is observed in the analysis, and the same total uncertainty of 14% is assigned as point-to-point correlated uncertainties on the differential dielectron cross section in inelastic pp collisions.The analysis of the high-multiplicity data has additional systematic uncertainties. First, no dedicated high-multiplicity MC simulation was performed. In such events the vertex distribution is biased more than in MB events by the asymmetric pseudorapidity coverage of the two V0 detectors. The change of the detector acceptance with vertex position could lead to a difference in the number of reconstructed electrons of up to 3%, which results in an uncertainty of 6% for e+e− pairs. Second, a possible multiplicity dependence of the reconstruction and PID efficiency is covered by an uncertainty of 6% [57]. Added in quadrature, this amounts to a total uncertainty of 15%.4Cocktail of known hadronic sourcesThe dielectron spectrum measured in pp collisions at s=13TeV is compared with the expectations from all known hadron sources, i.e. the hadronic cocktail, contributing to the dielectron spectrum in the ALICE central barrel acceptance (|ηe|<0.8 and pT,e>0.2GeV/c). A fast MC simulation is used to estimate the contribution from π0, η, η′, ρ, ω and ϕ decays in pp collisions, as detailed in [25].Following the approach outlined in [58], the pion pT-spectrum at s=13TeV is approximated by scaling the pT-spectrum of charged hadrons [42] by the pion-to-hadron ratio measured at s=7TeV [59,60]. The difference with respect to the same procedure based on the pion-to-hadron ratio measured at s=2.76TeV [59,61] is smaller than 1% at low pT and reaches 5% at high pT. The charged hadron pT-spectra at s=13TeV are normalised to INEL>0 events, i.e. inelastic collisions that produce at least one charged particle in |η|<1, rather than INEL events. This is corrected taking the 21% difference in the pT integrated dNch/dη values for these two event classes [42]. A conservative uncertainty of 10% is assigned on this extrapolation.A fit of the obtained charged-pion pT-spectrum with a modified Hagedorn function is then taken as proxy for the neutral-pion pT-distribution. The simulated cross section per unit rapidity of the π0 is dσ/dy|y=0=155.2mb. For the η meson a fit of the measured η/π0 ratio in pp collisions at s=7TeV is used [62]. The Monash 2013 tune of Pythia 8 describes the ρ/π0 and ω/π0 ratios measured in pp collisions at s=2.76 and 7 TeV, respectively [55,56]. Therefore, MC simulations obtained with this tune at s=13TeV are used to obtain the ρ/π0 and ω/π0 ratios. Based on the η/π0, ρ/π0 and ω/π0 data, the ratios at high pT are 0.5±0.1, 1.0±0.2 and 0.85±0.17, respectively. The η′ and ϕ mesons are generated assuming mT scaling, replacing pT with m2−mπ2+(pT/c)2 [63]. For the mT scaling, particle yields are normalised at high pT relative to the π0 yield: 0.40±0.08 for η′ (from Pythia 6 calculations) and 0.13±0.04 for ϕ [64]. The detector response, including momentum and angular resolutions, as well as Bremsstrahlung effects obtained from full MC simulations, is applied to the decay electrons as a function of pT,e, ηe and the azimuth φe. This results in a mass resolution of approximately 1%. The following sources of systematic uncertainties were evaluated: the input parameterisations of the measured spectra as a function of pT (π±, η/π0 and ω/π0), the branching fractions of all included decay modes, the mT scaling parameters and the resolution smearing. For the high-multiplicity cocktail, the input hadron pT-distributions are adjusted according to the measured modifications of the charged-hadron pT spectra [42]. The uncertainties of the cocktail from light-hadron decays are about ±15%, reaching up to +50% in the region dominated by the η meson due to uncertainties in the extrapolation to low pT. The multiplicity dependence has an uncertainty that varies between about 12% at low pT and 40% at high pT.The Perugia 2011 tune of Pythia 6.4, which includes NLO parton showering processes, is used to estimate the contributions of correlated semileptonic decays of open charm and beauty hadrons [53,65]. As an alternative, the NLO event generator Powheg is also considered [66–69]. The resulting same-sign spectrum is subtracted from the opposite-sign distribution as in the data analysis. Detector effects are implemented as for the light-hadron cocktail. The spectra are normalised to cross sections at midrapidity that are based on FONLL [1–3] extrapolations of the ALICE measurements at 7 TeV [8–10]. Following the description in [70], this leads to cross sections per unit rapidity of dσcc‾/dy|y=0=1296+172−162μb and dσbb‾/dy|y=0=68+15−16μb at s=13TeV. The quoted uncertainties take into account both the measured uncertainty and the FONLL extrapolation uncertainties. The latter (dominated by scale uncertainties but also including PDF and mass uncertainties) are considered to be fully correlated between the two energies [71]. For the high-multiplicity cocktail, the open charm contribution is weighted as a function of pT according to the measured enhancement of D mesons with pT>1GeV/c at s=7TeV [43]. The same weights are applied to the open beauty contribution as no significant difference between the production of D mesons and J/ψ from beauty-hadron decays is observed [43]. For electrons originating from charm or beauty hadrons with pT<1GeV/c, the same weight as for 1<pT<2GeV/c is assumed in the absence of a measurement. This leads to an uncertainty on the multiplicity dependence of about 40% at low pT decreasing to 20% at high pT.The J/ψ contribution is simulated with Pythia 6.4 and normalised to the cross section at s=13TeV, extrapolated with FONLL [9] from the measurement at s=7TeV by the ALICE Collaboration [72]. In the high-multiplicity cocktail, the J/ψ is scaled according to a dedicated, pT-integrated measurement [44]. The ψ(2S) contribution is normalised to the J/ψ based on a cross section ratio of σψ(2S)→e+e−/σJ/ψ→e+e−=(1.59±0.17)% [73].5ResultsThe dielectron cross sections are reported within the ALICE central barrel acceptance |ηe|<0.8 and pT,e>0.2GeV/c, i.e. without correction to full phase space. The result, integrated over pT,ee<6GeV/c, is shown as a function of mee in the left panel of Fig. 2. The data are compared with the expectation from the hadronic decay cocktail, using Pythia for the heavy-flavour components, and found to be in agreement within uncertainties. Good agreement between data and cocktail calculations is also found as a function of pT,ee, which is shown for three mee intervals in the right panel of Fig. 2.Figs. 3 and 4 show the ratios of the dielectron spectra in high-multiplicity over inelastic events as a function of mee for different pT,ee intervals. To account for the trivial scaling with charged-particle multiplicity, the ratio is scaled by the factor dNch/dη(HM)/〈dNch/dη(INEL)〉=6.27±0.22, where dNch/dη(HM)=33.29±0.39 and 〈dNch/dη(INEL)〉=5.31±0.18 are the charged-particle multiplicities in |ηch|<0.5 measured in high-multiplicity and inelastic pp collisions, respectively [42]. In this ratio, the multiplicity-independent uncertainties cancel and the total systematic uncertainty reduces to 9%. The ratio is in good agreement with the hadronic decay cocktail calculations over the whole measured mee and pT,ee range. This is the first measurement sensitive to the production of π0, η, ω and ϕ in high-multiplicity pp collisions. The result confirms the hypothesis that these light mesons have the same multiplicity dependence as a function of mT, which was used in the construction of the high-multiplicity hadron cocktail. From the agreement between data and cocktail in the high-pT range (3<pT,ee<6GeV/c), which is dominated by open beauty, it can be also concluded for the first time that the open beauty production has a multiplicity dependence similar to that of open charm. This puts additional constraints on mechanisms used to describe heavy-flavour production in high-multiplicity pp collisions, such as multiple parton interactions, percolation or hydrodynamic models.In the intermediate mass region (1.03<mee<2.86GeV/c2), which is dominated by open heavy-flavour decays, the data are fitted simultaneously in mee and pT,ee (for pT,ee<6GeV/c) with Pythia and Powheg templates of open charm and beauty production, keeping the light-flavour and J/ψ contributions fixed, which introduces negligible uncertainties on the heavy-flavour cross section. The Pythia and Powheg least-square fits of dielectron spectra in inelastic events projected over pT,ee and mee are shown in the left and right panels of Fig. 5, respectively. The resulting cross sections are summarised in Table 2. The first uncertainty is the statistical uncertainty resulting from the fits and the second is the systematic uncertainty, which is determined by moving the data points coherently upward and downward by their systematic uncertainties and repeating the fits. The branching fraction of charm-hadron decays to electrons is taken as (9.6±0.4)% [74]. An additional uncertainty of 9.3% is added in quadrature to account for differences in the Λc/D0 ratio measured by ALICE in pp collisions at s=7TeV, which is 0.543±0.061(stat.)±0.160(syst.) for pT>1GeV/c [75], and the LEP average of 0.113±0.013±0.006 [76]. This translates into a 22% uncertainty at the pair level. The branching fraction of beauty hadrons decaying into electrons, including via intermediate charm hadrons, is (21.53±0.63)% [74], which leads to a 6% uncertainty on the dielectron-based cross section measurement. Like the statistical and systematic uncertainties, these branching fraction uncertainties are fully correlated between the Pythia and Powheg based results.The results are consistent with extrapolations from lower energies based on pQCD calculations discussed in the previous section. There is a strong anti-correlation between the fitted charm and beauty cross sections. The sizeable difference in the cross sections between the two MC event generators are comparable to what is observed at s=7TeV [25]. The different cross sections obtained from fits with Pythia and Powheg simulations are caused by acceptance differences of e+e− pairs from heavy-flavour hadron decays in these two event generators because of different kinematic correlations of the heavy quark pairs, in particular in rapidity. The fraction of e+e− pairs that fall into the ALICE acceptance and the intermediate mass region originating from cc‾ pairs at midrapidity is 14% in Pythia and 10% in Powheg. This points to important differences in the heavy quark production mechanisms between the two generators. It should be stressed that single heavy-flavour measurements appear insensitive to these differences as the cross sections obtained from such measurements agree between Pythia and Powheg based extrapolations [7,11,22]. Therefore, dielectrons provide complementary information on heavy-flavour production that, if properly modelled, should lead to consistent cross sections with Pythia and Powheg.Table 2 also summarises the corresponding cross sections for the high-multiplicity data. In case of Pythia, the measured charm cross section translates into an enhancement of 1.86±0.40(stat.)±0.40(syst.) relative to the charged-particle multiplicity increase. This is consistent with the modelled multiplicity dependence used as input for the cocktail in Figs. 3 and 4. For the beauty cross section the observed enhancement is 1.63±0.50(stat.)±0.35(syst.). This is consistent with the multiplicity dependence observed for open charm, but a scaling with charged-particle multiplicity cannot be excluded.The fraction of real direct photons to inclusive photons can be extracted from the dielectron spectrum at small invariant masses assuming the equivalence between this fraction and the ratio of virtual direct photons to inclusive photons. The data are fitted minimising the χ2, in bins of pT,ee, with the sum of the light-flavour cocktail (fLF(mee)), open heavy-flavour contribution (fHF(mee)) and a virtual direct photon component (fdirect(mee)), whose shape is described by the Kroll–Wada equation [77,78] in the quasi-real virtual photon regime (pT,ee≫mee). The normalisation of the open heavy-flavour component is fixed to the measured open charm and beauty cross sections presented above, using the Pythia simulations for the nominal fit. As systematic uncertainty estimate, the Powheg simulation is used instead. The light-flavour cocktail and virtual direct photon templates are normalised independently to the data in mee<0.04GeV/c2, i.e. in a mass window in which both Dalitz decays and direct photons have the same 1/mee dependence. The direct-photon fraction r is then extracted by fitting the data in the mass interval 0.14<mee<0.32GeV/c2, i.e. above the π0 mass to suppress the most dominant hadron background, with the following expression: dσ/dmee=rfdir(mee)+(1−r)fLF(mee)+fHF(mee).No significant direct photon contribution is observed in neither the inelastic nor the high-multiplicity events [51]. Upper limits at 90% confidence level (C.L.) are extracted with the Feldman–Cousins method [79] and summarised in Table 3 together with predictions from perturbative QCD calculations for inelastic events [80]. The current uncertainties prevent any conclusions on the scaling of direct-photon production with charged-particle multiplicity.6Summary and conclusionWe have presented the first measurement of dielectron production at midrapidity (|ye|<0.8) in proton–proton collisions at s=13TeV. The dielectron continuum can be well described by the expected contributions from decays of light- and heavy-flavour hadrons. The charm and beauty cross sections are extracted for the first time at midrapidity at s=13TeV and are consistent with extrapolations from lower energies based on pQCD calculations. The differences observed between Powheg and Pythia imply different kinematic correlations of the heavy-quark pairs in these two event generators. Therefore dielectrons are uniquely sensitive to the heavy quark production mechanisms. The comparison of the dielectron spectra in inelastic events and in events with high charged-particle multiplicities does not reveal modifications of the spectrum beyond the already established ones of light and open charm hadrons. The upper limits on the direct-photon fractions are consistent with predictions from perturbative quantum chromodynamics calculations.AcknowledgementsThe ALICE Collaboration would like to thank Werner Vogelsang for providing the NLO pQCD calculations for direct photon production.The ALICE Collaboration would like to thank all its engineers and technicians for their invaluable contributions to the construction of the experiment and the CERN accelerator teams for the outstanding performance of the LHC complex. The ALICE Collaboration gratefully acknowledges the resources and support provided by all Grid centres and the Worldwide LHC Computing Grid (WLCG) collaboration. The ALICE Collaboration acknowledges the following funding agencies for their support in building and running the ALICE detector: A. I. Alikhanyan National Science Laboratory (Yerevan Physics Institute) Foundation (ANSL), State Committee of Science and World Federation of Scientists (WFS), Armenia; Austrian Academy of Sciences and Nationalstiftung für Forschung, Technologie und Entwicklung, Austria; Ministry of Communications and High Technologies, National Nuclear Research Center, Azerbaijan; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (Finep) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil; Ministry of Science & Technology of China (MSTC), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and Ministry of Education of China (MOEC), China; Ministry of Science and Education, Croatia; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic; The Danish Council for Independent Research Natural Sciences, the Carlsberg Foundation and Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF), Denmark; Helsinki Institute of Physics (HIP), Finland; Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique (CEA) and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) and GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Germany; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Research and Religions, Greece; National Research, Development and Innovation Office, Hungary; Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India (DAE), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST), University Grants Commission, Government of India (UGC) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India; Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia; Centro Fermi - Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche Enrico Fermi and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy; Institute for Innovative Science and Technology, Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science (IIST), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI and Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia (CONACYT) y Tecnología, through Fondo de Cooperación Internacional en Ciencia y Tecnología (FONCICYT) and Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Academico (DGAPA), Mexico; Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Netherlands; The Research Council of Norway, Norway; Commission on Science and Technology for Sustainable Development in the South (COMSATS), Pakistan; Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Peru; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and National Science Centre, Poland; Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), Republic of Korea; Ministry of Education and Scientific Research, Institute of Atomic Physics and Romanian National Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation, Romania; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Russia; Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic, Slovakia; National Research Foundation of South Africa, South Africa; Centro de Aplicaciones Tecnológicas y Desarrollo Nuclear (CEADEN), Cubaenergía, Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Spain; Swedish Research Council (VR) and Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW), Sweden; European Organization for Nuclear Research, Switzerland; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSDTA), Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) and Office of the Higher Education Commission under NRU project of Thailand, Thailand; Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK), Turkey; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine; Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United Kingdom; National Science Foundation of the United States of America (NSF) and U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Physics (DOE NP), United States of America.References[1]M.CacciariM.GrecoP.NasonThe pT spectrum in heavy flavor hadroproductionJ. 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