11889 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11889-x 864 91 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12257-5 Towards a muon collider 02 Physical Sciences 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics Review 1 110 2023 8 1 2023 2 15 2023 7 30 2023 9 26 2024 1 15 An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12257-5 The Author(s) 2023 corrected publication 2023 corrected publication 2023 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Funded by SCOAP3. SCOAP3 supports the goals of the International Year of Basic Sciences for Sustainable Development. 10052 83 83 9 9 Carlotta Accettura Carlotta.Accettura@cern.ch Dean Adams dean.adams@stfc.ac.uk Rohit Agarwal rohaga@berkeley.edu Claudia Ahdida Claudia.Ahdida@cern.ch Chiara Aimè chiara.aime01@universitadipavia.it Nicola Amapane Nicola.Amapane@cern.ch David Amorim David.Amorim@cern.ch Paolo Andreetto paolo.andreetto@cern.ch Fabio Anulli fabio.anulli@roma1.infn.it Robert Appleby Robert.Appleby@manchester.ac.uk Artur Apresyan artur.apresyan@cern.ch Aram Apyan aram.apyan@cern.ch Sergey Arsenyev sergears@gmail.com Pouya Asadi pasadi@mit.edu Mohammed Attia Mahmoud mohammed.attia@cern.ch Aleksandr Azatov aazatov@sissa.it John Back j.j.back@warwick.ac.uk Lorenzo Balconi lorenzo.balconi@unimi.it Laura Bandiera laura.bandiera@cern.ch Roger Barlow roger.barlow@cern.ch Nazar Bartosik nazar.bartosik@cern.ch Emanuela Barzi emanuela.barzi@yahoo.com Fabian Batsch fabian.batsch@cern.ch Matteo Bauce matteo.bauce@cern.ch J. Scott Berg jsberg@bnl.gov Andrea Bersani andrea.bersani@ge.infn.it Alessandro Bertarelli alessandro.bertarelli@cern.ch Alessandro Bertolin alessandro.bertolin@pd.infn.it Kevin Black kblack@hep.wisc.edu Fulvio Boattini fulvio.boattini@cern.ch Alex Bogacz bogacz@jlab.org Maurizio Bonesini maurizio.bonesini@mib.infn.it Bernardo Bordini Bernardo.Bordini@cern.ch Salvatore Bottaro salvatore.bottaro@sns.it Luca Bottura luca.bottura@cern.ch Alessandro Braghieri alessandro.braghieri@cern.ch Marco Breschi marco.breschi@unibo.it Natalie Bruhwiler nataliebruhwiler@berkeley.edu Xavier Buffat xavier.buffat@cern.ch Laura Buonincontri laura.buonincontri@pd.infn.it Philip N. Burrows philip.burrows@physics.ox.ac.uk Graeme Burt graeme.burt@cockcroft.ac.uk Dario Buttazzo dario.buttazzo@pi.infn.it Barbara Caiffi caiffi@ge.infn.it Marco Calviani Marco.Calviani@cern.ch Simone Calzaferri simone.calzaferri01@universitadipavia.it Daniele Calzolari Daniele.Calzolari@cern.ch Rodolfo Capdevilla rcapdevi@fnal.gov Christian Carli christian.carli@cern.ch Fausto Casaburo fausto.casaburo@uniroma1.it Massimo Casarsa massimo.casarsa@ts.infn.it Luca Castelli luca.castelli@uniroma1.it Maria Gabriella Catanesi gabriella.catanesi@cern.ch Lorenzo Cavallucci lorenzo.cavallucci3@unibo.it Gianluca Cavoto gianluca.cavoto@roma1.infn.it Francesco Giovanni Celiberto francesco.celiberto@uah.es Luigi Celona celona@lns.infn.it Alessandro Cerri alessandro.cerri@cern.ch Gianmario Cesarini gianmario.cesarini@lnf.infn.it Cari Cesarotti ccesar@mit.edu Grigorios Chachamis chachamis@gmail.com Antoine Chance antoine.chance@cea.fr Siyu Chen siyu.v.chen@gmail.com Yang-Ting Chien ytchien@gsu.edu Mauro Chiesa mauro.chiesa@unipv.it Anna Colaleo anna.colaleo@cern.ch Francesco Collamati francesco.collamati@roma1.infn.it Gianmaria Collazuol gianmaria.collazuol@pd.infn.it Marco Costa marco.costa@sns.it Nathaniel Craig ncraig@physics.ucsb.edu Camilla Curatolo camilla.curatolo@mi.infn.it David Curtin dcurtin@physics.utoronto.ca Giacomo Da Molin giacomo.da.molin@cern.ch Magnus Dam magnus.dam@kit.edu Heiko Damerau heiko.damerau@cern.ch Sridhara Dasu dasu@hep.wisc.edu Jorge de Blas deblasm@ugr.es Stefania De Curtis decurtis@fi.infn.it Ernesto De Matteis ernesto.dematteis@mi.infn.it Stefania De Rosa stefania.de-rosa@lgp2.grenoble-inp.fr Jean-Pierre Delahaye jean-pierre.delahaye@cern.ch Dmitri Denisov denisovd@bnl.gov Haluk Denizli haluk.denizli@cern.ch Christopher Densham chris.densham@stfc.ac.uk Radovan Dermisek dermisek@indiana.edu Luca Di Luzio luca.diluzio@pd.infn.it Elisa Di Meco elisa.di.meco@cern.ch Biagio Di Micco biagio.di.micco@cern.ch Keith Dienes dienes@email.arizona.edu Eleonora Diociaiuti eleonora.diociaiuti@cern.ch Tommaso Dorigo tommaso.dorigo@cern.ch Alexey Dudarev Alexey.Dudarev@cern.ch Robert Edgecock rob.edgecock@cern.ch Filippo Errico filipp.rrc@gmail.com Marco Fabbrichesi marco.fabbrichesi@ts.infn.it Stefania Farinon stefania.farinon@ge.infn.it Anna Ferrari a.ferrari@hzdr.de Jose Antonio Ferreira Somoza ja.ferreira@cern.ch Frank Filthaut frank.filthaut@cern.ch Davide Fiorina davide.fiorina@cern.ch Elena Fol elena.fol@cern.ch Matthew Forslund matthew.forslund@stonybrook.edu Roberto Franceschini roberto.franceschini@cern.ch Rui Franqueira Ximenes rui.franqueira.ximenes@cern.ch Emidio Gabrielli emidio.gabrielli@gmail.com Michele Gallinaro michele.gallinaro@cern.ch Francesco Garosi fgarosi@sissa.it Luca Giambastiani luca.giambastiani@cern.ch Alessio Gianelle alessio.gianelle@pd.infn.it Simone Gilardoni simone.gilardoni@cern.ch Dario Augusto Giove dario.giove@mi.infn.it Carlo Giraldin carlo.giraldin@studenti.unipd.it Alfredo Glioti alfredo.glioti@ipht.fr Mario Greco mario.greco@roma3.infn.it Admir Greljo admir.greljo@cern.ch Ramona Groeber ramona.groeber@pd.infn.it Christophe Grojean christophe.grojean@cern.ch Alexej Grudiev alexej.grudiev@cern.ch Jiayin Gu jiayin_gu@fudan.edu.cn Chengcheng Han than@pitt.edu Tao Han hanchch@mail.sysu.edu.cn John Hauptman hauptman@iastate.edu Brian Henning brian.henning@epfl.ch Keith Hermanek khermane@iu.edu Matthew Herndon matthew.herndon@cern.ch Tova Ray Holmes tova.ray.holmes@cern.ch Samuel Homiller shomiller@g.harvard.edu Guoyuan Huang huanggy1992@gmail.com Sudip Jana sudip.jana@okstate.edu Sergo Jindariani sergo.jindariani@cern.ch Paul Bogdan Jurj paul.jurj13@imperial.ac.uk Yonatan Kahn yfkahn@illinois.edu Ivan Karpov ivan.karpov@cern.ch David Kelliher david.kelliher@stfc.ac.uk Wolfgang Kilian kilian@physik.uni-siegen.de Antti Kolehmainen antti.juhani.kolehmainen@cern.ch Kyoungchul Kong kckong@ku.edu Patrick Koppenburg patrick.koppenburg@cern.ch Nils Kreher nils.kreher@uni-siegen.de Georgios Krintiras gkrintir@cern.ch Karol Krizka kkrizka@gmail.com Gordan Krnjaic krnjaicg@fnal.gov Benjamin T. Kuchma benkuchma@gmail.com Nilanjana Kumar nilanjana.kumar@gmail.com Anton Lechner Anton.Lechner@cern.ch Lawrence Lee lawrence.lee.jr@cern.ch Qiang Li qiang.li@cern.ch Roberto Li Voti roberto.livoti@uniroma1.it Ronald Lipton lipton@fnal.gov Zhen Liu zliuphys@umn.edu Shivani Lomte lomte@wisc.edu Kenneth Long k.long@imperial.ac.uk Jose Lorenzo Gomez Jose.Lorenzo@f4e.europa.eu Roberto Losito roberto.losito@cern.ch Ian Low ilow@northwestern.edu Qianshu Lu qianshu_lu@g.harvard.edu Donatella Lucchesi donatella.lucchesi@cern.ch Lianliang Ma lianliang.ma@gmail.com Yang Ma yang.ma@bo.infn.it Shinji Machida shinji.machida@cern.ch Fabio Maltoni fabio.maltoni@cern.ch Marco Mandurrino marco.mandurrino@to.infn.it Bruno Mansoulie bruno.mansoulie@cea.fr Luca Mantani luca.mantani@maths.cam.ac.uk Claude Marchand claude.marchand@cea.fr Samuele Mariotto samuele.mariotto@unimi.it Stewart Martin-Haugh stewart.martin-haugh@stfc.ac.uk David Marzocca david.marzocca@ts.infn.it Paola Mastrapasqua paola.mastrapasqua@cern.ch Giorgio Mauro mauro@lns.infn.it Andrea Mazzolari mazzolari@fe.infn.it Navin McGinnis nmcginnis@triumf.ca Patrick Meade patrick.meade@stonybrook.edu Barbara Mele barbara.mele@roma1.infn.it Federico Meloni federico.meloni@cern.ch Matthias Mentink matthias.mentink@cern.ch Claudia Merlassino claudia.merlassino@cern.ch Elias Metral elias.metral@cern.ch Rebecca Miceli rebecca.miceli2@studio.unibo.it Natalia Milas natalia.milas@ess.eu Nikolai Mokhov mokhov@fnal.gov Alessandro Montella alessandro.d.montella@gmail.com Tim Mulder tim.mulder@cern.ch Riccardo Musenich riccardo.musenich@ge.infn.it Marco Nardecchia marco.nardecchia@roma1.infn.it Federico Nardi federico.nardi@cern.ch Niko Neufeld niko.neufeld@cern.ch David Neuffer neuffer@fnal.gov Daniel Novelli daniel.novelli@ge.infn.it Yasar Onel Yasar.Onel@cern.ch Domizia Orestano domizia.orestano@cern.ch Daniele Paesani daniele.paesani@cern.ch Simone Pagan Griso spagangriso@lbl.gov Mark Palmer mpalmer@bnl.gov Paolo Panci paolo.panci@cern.ch Giuliano Panico giuliano.panico@unifi.it Rocco Paparella rocco.paparella@mi.infn.it Paride Paradisi paride.paradisi@pd.infn.it Antonio Passeri passeri@roma3.infn.it Nadia Pastrone nadia.pastrone@to.infn.it Antonello Pellecchia antonello.pellecchia@cern.ch Fulvio Piccinini fulvio.piccinini@pv.infn.it Alfredo Portone alfredo.portone@f4e.europa.eu Karolos Potamianos karolos.potamianos@cern.ch Marco Prioli marco.prioli@mi.infn.it Lionel Quettier lionel.quettier@cea.fr Emilio Radicioni emilio.radicioni@cern.ch Raffaella Radogna raffaella.radogna@cern.ch Riccardo Rattazzi riccardo.rattazzi@cern.ch Diego Redigolo d.redigolo@gmail.com Laura Reina reina@hep.fsu.edu Elodie Resseguie eresseguie@gmail.com Jürgen Reuter juergen.reuter@desy.de Pier Luigi Ribani pierluigi.ribani@unibo.it Cristina Riccardi cristina.riccardi@unipv.it Lorenzo Ricci lricci@umd.edu Stefania Ricciardi Stefania.Ricciardi@cern.ch Luciano Ristori luciano@fnal.gov Tania Natalie Robens tania.robens@cern.ch Werner Rodejohann werner.rodejohann@mpi-hd.mpg.de Chris Rogers chris.rogers@stfc.ac.uk Marco Romagnoni romagnoni@fe.infn.it Kevin Ronald k.ronald@strath.ac.uk Lucio Rossi lucio.rossi@unimi.it Richard Ruiz richard.physics@gmail.com Farinaldo S. Queiroz fisicojunior3@gmail.com Filippo Sala filo.sala@gmail.com Jakub Salko j.salko@unibas.ch Paola Salvini paola.salvini@unipv.it Ennio Salvioni ennio.salvioni@unipd.it Jose Santiago jsantiago@ugr.es Ivano Sarra ivano.sarra@lnf.infn.it Francisco Javier Saura Esteban francisco.javier.saura.esteban@cern.ch Jochen Schieck jochen.schieck@cern.ch Daniel Schulte daniel.schulte@cern.ch Michele Selvaggi michele.selvaggi@cern.ch Carmine Senatore carmine.senatore@unige.ch Abdulkadir Senol abdulkadir.senol@cern.ch Daniele Sertore daniele.sertore@mi.infn.it Lorenzo Sestini lorenzo.sestini@cern.ch Varun Sharma varun.sharma@cern.ch Vladimir Shiltsev shiltsev@fnal.gov Jing Shu jshu@itp.ac.cn Federica Maria Simone federica.maria.simone@cern.ch Rosa Simoniello rosa.simoniello@cern.ch Kyriacos Skoufaris kyriakos.skoufaris@gmail.com Massimo Sorbi massimo.sorbi@unimi.it Stefano Sorti stefano.sorti@unimi.it Anna Stamerra anna.stamerra@cern.ch Steinar Stapnes Steinar.Stapnes@cern.ch Giordon Holtsberg Stark giordon.holtsberg.stark@cern.ch Marco Statera marco.statera@mi.infn.it Bernd Stechauner Bernd.Stechauner@cern.ch Daniel Stolarski stolar@physics.carleton.ca Diktys Stratakis stratakis@gmail.com Shufang Su shufang@email.arizona.edu Wei Su suwei26@mail.sysu.edu.cn Olcyr Sumensari olcyr.sumensari@ijclab.in2p3.fr Xiaohu Sun xiaohu.sun@cern.ch Raman Sundrum raman@umd.edu Maximilian J. Swiatlowski mswiatlowski@triumf.ca Alexei Sytov sytov@fe.infn.it Tim M. P. Tait ttait@uci.edu Jingyu Tang jytang@ustc.edu.cn Jian Tang tangjian5@mail.sysu.edu.cn Andrea Tesi andrea.tesi@fi.infn.it Pietro Testoni Pietro.Testoni@f4e.europa.eu Brooks Thomas thomasbd@lafayette.edu Emily Anne Thompson emily.thompson@desy.de Riccardo Torre riccardo.torre@ge.infn.it Ludovico Tortora ludovico.tortora@roma3.infn.it Luca Tortora luca.tortora@uniroma3.it Sokratis Trifinopoulos trifinos@mit.edu Ilaria Vai ilaria.vai@cern.ch Marco Valente marco.valente@cern.ch Riccardo Umberto Valente riccardo.valente@mi.infn.it Alessandro Valenti alessandro.valenti@pd.infn.it Nicolò Valle nicolo.valle@cern.ch Ursula van Rienen ursula.van-rienen@uni-rostock.de Rosamaria Venditti rosamaria.venditti@cern.ch Arjan Verweij Arjan.Verweij@cern.ch Piet Verwilligen piet.verwilligen@cern.ch Ludovico Vittorio ludovico.vittorio@lapth.cnrs.fr Paolo Vitulo paolo.vitulo@unipv.it Liantao Wang liantaow@uchicago.edu Hannsjorg Weber hannsjorg.artur.weber@cern.ch Mariusz Wozniak mariusz.wozniak@cern.ch Richard Wu richardhwu@berkeley.edu Yongcheng Wu ycwu0830@gmail.com Andrea Wulzer a.wulzer@gmail.com Keping Xie xiekeping@pitt.edu Akira Yamamoto akira.yamamoto@kek.jp Yifeng Yang Y.Yang@soton.ac.uk Katsuya Yonehara yonehara@fnal.gov Sangsik Yoon yoon12@iu.edu Angela Zaza angela.zaza@cern.ch Xiaoran Zhao xiaoran.zhao@uniroma3.it Alexander Zlobin zlobin@fnal.gov Davide Zuliani davide.zuliani@cern.ch Jose Zurita jzurita@ific.uv.es https://ror.org/01ggx4157 grid.9132.9 0000 0001 2156 142X Organisation Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN) Genève 23 1211 Geneva Switzerland grid.76978.37 0000 0001 2296 6998 STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) Harwell Oxford UK grid.47840.3f 0000 0001 2181 7878 Computer Science Department University of California (UC) Berkeley CA 94720-1776 USA https://ror.org/00s6t1f81 grid.8982.b 0000 0004 1762 5736 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Pavia Via Bassi 6 27100 Pavia Italy https://ror.org/01st30669 grid.470213.3 INFN Sezione di Pavia via Bassi 6 27100 Pavia Italy https://ror.org/01vj6ck58 grid.470222.1 0000 0004 7471 9712 INFN Sezione di Torino via Giuria 1 10125 Turin Italy grid.7605.4 0000 0001 2336 6580 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Torino Via Giuria 1 10125 Turin Italy https://ror.org/00z34yn88 grid.470212.2 INFN Sezione di Padova Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padua Italy https://ror.org/05eva6s33 grid.470218.8 INFN Sezione di Roma Piazzale Aldo Moro 2 00185 Rome Italy https://ror.org/027m9bs27 grid.5379.8 0000 0001 2166 2407 School of Physics and Astronomy University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK https://ror.org/020hgte69 grid.417851.e 0000 0001 0675 0679 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Batavia IL 60510 USA https://ror.org/05abbep66 grid.253264.4 0000 0004 1936 9473 Department of Physics Brandeis University Waltham MA USA https://ror.org/03xjwb503 grid.460789.4 0000 0004 4910 6535 IRFU, CEA University Paris-Saclay Gif-sur-Yvette France https://ror.org/042nb2s44 grid.116068.8 0000 0001 2341 2786 Center for Theoretical Physics Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA https://ror.org/023gzwx10 grid.411170.2 0000 0004 0412 4537 Center for High Energy Physics (CHEP-FU) Fayoum University El-Fayoum 63514 Egypt https://ror.org/004fze387 grid.5970.b 0000 0004 1762 9868 SISSA International School for Advanced Studies Via Bonomea 265 34136 Trieste Italy https://ror.org/05j3snm48 grid.470223.0 0000 0004 1760 7175 INFN Sezione di Trieste via Valerio 2 34127 Trieste Italy https://ror.org/01a77tt86 grid.7372.1 0000 0000 8809 1613 Department of Physics University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK grid.4708.b 0000 0004 1757 2822 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milan Italy https://ror.org/05s4gph86 grid.470188.2 0000 0004 7696 3292 INFN Laboratori Acceleratori e Superconduttività Applicata (LASA) Via Fratelli Cervi 201, Segrate 20054 Milan Italy https://ror.org/00zs3y046 grid.470200.1 0000 0004 1765 4414 INFN Sezione di Ferrara via Saragat 1 44122 Ferrara Italy https://ror.org/05t1h8f27 grid.15751.37 0000 0001 0719 6059 School of Computing and Engineering The University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK https://ror.org/00rs6vg23 grid.261331.4 0000 0001 2285 7943 Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA https://ror.org/02ex6cf31 grid.202665.5 0000 0001 2188 4229 Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton USA https://ror.org/02v89pq06 grid.470205.4 INFN Sezione di Genova via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genoa Italy University of Wisconsin Wisconsin USA grid.450315.6 0000 0001 2236 1964 Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators, Jefferson Lab Newport News VA 23606 USA https://ror.org/03xejxm22 grid.470207.6 0000 0004 8390 4143 INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 3 20126 Milan Italy grid.7563.7 0000 0001 2174 1754 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Milano Bicocca Piazza della Scienza 3 20126 Milan Italy https://ror.org/03aydme10 grid.6093.c Scuola Normale Superiore Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy https://ror.org/05symbg58 grid.470216.6 INFN Sezione di Pisa Largo Pontecorvo 3 56127 Pisa Italy https://ror.org/01111rn36 grid.6292.f 0000 0004 1757 1758 Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Energia Elettrica e dell’Informazione Università di Bologna Viale Risorgimento 2 40136 Bologna Italy https://ror.org/04j0x0h93 grid.470193.8 0000 0004 8343 7610 INFN Sezione di Bologna Viale Carlo Berti Pichat 6/2 40127 Bologna Italy grid.47840.3f 0000 0001 2181 7878 Department of Physics University of California (UC) Berkeley CA 94720-1776 USA https://ror.org/00240q980 grid.5608.b 0000 0004 1757 3470 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Università di Padova Via Marzolo 8 35131 Padoa Italy https://ror.org/052gg0110 grid.4991.5 0000 0004 1936 8948 John Adams Institute University of Oxford Denys Wilkinson Bldg., Keble Road Oxford OX1 3RH UK https://ror.org/04f2nsd36 grid.9835.7 0000 0000 8190 6402 Department of Engineering Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK https://ror.org/02be6w209 grid.7841.a Dipartimento di Fisica Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale Moro 2 00185 Rome Italy https://ror.org/022hq6c49 grid.470190.b INFN Sezione di Bari Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy https://ror.org/01gzye136 grid.469918.b 0000 0001 2221 7217 European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*) Villazzano 38123 Trento Italy grid.470224.7 INFN-TIFPA Trento Institute of Fundamental Physics and Applications Povo 38123 Trento Italy https://ror.org/04pmn0e78 grid.7159.a 0000 0004 1937 0239 Departamento de Física y Matemáticas Universidad de Alcalá (UAH) Campus Universitario, Alcalá de Henares 28805 Madrid Spain https://ror.org/02pq29p90 grid.470198.3 0000 0004 1755 400X INFN Sezione di Catania Via Santa Sofia 64 95129 Catania Italy https://ror.org/00ayhx656 grid.12082.39 0000 0004 1936 7590 MPS School University of Sussex Sussex House Brighton BN19QH UK grid.463190.9 0000 0004 0648 0236 INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) Via Fermi 40, Frascati 00044 Rome Italy https://ror.org/01hys1667 grid.420929.4 Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP) Lisbon Portugal grid.5333.6 0000000121839049 Theoretical Particle Physics Laboratory (LPTP) Institute of Physics, EPFL Lausanne Switzerland https://ror.org/03qt6ba18 grid.256304.6 0000 0004 1936 7400 Physics and Astronomy Department Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA grid.7644.1 0000 0001 0120 3326 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Bari Via Amendola 173 70125 Bari Italy grid.133342.4 0000 0004 1936 9676 University of California Santa Barbara USA https://ror.org/04w4m6z96 grid.470206.7 INFN Sezione di Milano Via Celoria 16 20133 Milan Italy https://ror.org/03dbr7087 grid.17063.33 0000 0001 2157 2938 Department of Physics University of Toronto Toronto Canada https://ror.org/04t3en479 grid.7892.4 0000 0001 0075 5874 Institute for Technical Physics (ITEP) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany https://ror.org/04njjy449 grid.4489.1 0000 0001 2167 8994 CAFPE and Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos Universidad de Granada 18071 Granada Spain https://ror.org/02vv5y108 grid.470204.5 0000 0001 2231 4148 INFN Sezione di Firenze Via Bruno Rossi 3, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy grid.8404.8 0000 0004 1757 2304 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Università di Firenze Via Sansone 1, Sesto Fiorentino 50019 Florence Italy grid.470220.3 INFN Sezione di Roma Tre Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy https://ror.org/01x1kqx83 grid.411082.e 0000 0001 0720 3140 Department of Physics Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University 14280 Bolu Turkey grid.411377.7 0000 0001 0790 959X Physics Department Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 USA https://ror.org/05vf0dg29 grid.8509.4 0000 0001 2162 2106 Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica Università Roma Tre Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy https://ror.org/03m2x1q45 grid.134563.6 0000 0001 2168 186X Department of Physics University of Arizona Tucson AZ 85721 USA https://ror.org/047s2c258 grid.164295.d 0000 0001 0941 7177 Department of Physics University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA https://ror.org/01zy2cs03 grid.40602.30 0000 0001 2158 0612 Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Bautzner Landstrasse 400 01328 Dresden Germany grid.5590.9 0000000122931605 Radboud University and Nikhef Nijmegen The Netherlands https://ror.org/05qghxh33 grid.36425.36 0000 0001 2216 9681 C. N. Yang Institute for Theoretical Physics Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794 USA https://ror.org/02n742c10 grid.5133.4 0000 0001 1941 4308 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Trieste Strada Costiera 11 34151 Trieste Italy grid.457338.e Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA Institut de Physique Théorique 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette France https://ror.org/02s6k3f65 grid.6612.3 0000 0004 1937 0642 Department of Physics University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 4056 Basel Switzerland https://ror.org/01js2sh04 grid.7683.a 0000 0004 0492 0453 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestr. 85 22607 Hamburg Germany https://ror.org/01hcx6992 grid.7468.d 0000 0001 2248 7639 Institut für Physik Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Newstonstr. 15 12489 Berlin Germany https://ror.org/013q1eq08 grid.8547.e 0000 0001 0125 2443 Department of Physics Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China https://ror.org/0064kty71 grid.12981.33 0000 0001 2360 039X School of Physics Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510275 China https://ror.org/01an3r305 grid.21925.3d 0000 0004 1936 9000 Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15206 USA https://ror.org/04rswrd78 grid.34421.30 0000 0004 1936 7312 Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50011 USA https://ror.org/020f3ap87 grid.411461.7 0000 0001 2315 1184 University of Tennessee Knoxville TN USA https://ror.org/03vek6s52 grid.38142.3c 0000 0004 1936 754X Department of Physics Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA https://ror.org/052d0h423 grid.419604.e 0000 0001 2288 6103 Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik Saupfercheckweg 1 69117 Heidelberg Germany https://ror.org/047426m28 grid.35403.31 0000 0004 1936 9991 Department of Physics University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA https://ror.org/02azyry73 grid.5836.8 0000 0001 2242 8751 Department of Physics University of Siegen 57068 Siegen Germany https://ror.org/001tmjg57 grid.266515.3 0000 0001 2106 0692 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Kansas Lawrence KS 66045 USA https://ror.org/00f9tz983 grid.420012.5 0000 0004 0646 2193 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics Amsterdam The Netherlands https://ror.org/03angcq70 grid.6572.6 0000 0004 1936 7486 School of Physics and Astronomy University of Birmingham Birmingham B152TT UK grid.266683.f 0000 0001 2166 5835 University of Massachusetts-Amherst Amherst MA USA Centre for Cosmology and Science Popularization (CCSP) SGT University Gurugram 122505 India https://ror.org/02v51f717 grid.11135.37 0000 0001 2256 9319 Peking University Beijing China https://ror.org/017zqws13 grid.17635.36 0000 0004 1936 8657 School of Physics and Astronomy University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA https://ror.org/041kmwe10 grid.7445.2 0000 0001 2113 8111 Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK grid.453046.0 0000 0004 1771 9732 Fusion for Energy (F4E), Torres Diagonal Litoral Edificio B3 08019 Barcelona Spain https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 grid.187073.a 0000 0001 1939 4845 High Energy Physics Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL 60439 USA https://ror.org/000e0be47 grid.16753.36 0000 0001 2299 3507 Department of Physics and Astronomy Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA https://ror.org/0207yh398 grid.27255.37 0000 0004 1761 1174 Shandong University Jinan China https://ror.org/02495e989 grid.7942.8 0000 0001 2294 713X Center for Cosmology, Particle Physics and Phenomenology Université Catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium https://ror.org/01111rn36 grid.6292.f 0000 0004 1757 1758 Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Universitá di Bologna via Irnerio 46 40126 Bologna Italy https://ror.org/013meh722 grid.5335.0 0000 0001 2188 5934 DAMTP, University of Cambridge Wilberforce Road Cambridge CB3 0WA UK grid.466880.4 0000 0004 1757 4895 INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) via Santa Sofia 62 95123 Catania Italy https://ror.org/041zkgm14 grid.8484.0 0000 0004 1757 2064 Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra Universitá di Ferrara via Saragat 1 44122 Ferrara Italy https://ror.org/03kgj4539 grid.232474.4 0000 0001 0705 9791 TRIUMF 4004 Westbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 2A3 Canada https://ror.org/01wv9cn34 grid.434715.0 European Spallation Source ESS 221 00 Lund Sweden grid.10548.38 0000 0004 1936 9377 Department of Physics Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center 106 91 Stockholm Sweden https://ror.org/02be6w209 grid.7841.a Sapienza Università di Roma Piazzale Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy https://ror.org/036jqmy94 grid.214572.7 0000 0004 1936 8294 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Iowa 203 Van Allen Hall Iowa City IA 52242-1479 USA grid.184769.5 0000 0001 2231 4551 Physics Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA USA https://ror.org/03ad39j10 grid.5395.a 0000 0004 1757 3729 Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Pisa Largo Pontecorvo 3 56127 Pisa Italy https://ror.org/052gg0110 grid.4991.5 0000 0004 1936 8948 Particle Physics Department University of Oxford Denys Wilkinson Bldg., Keble Road Oxford OX1 3RH UK https://ror.org/05g3dte14 grid.255986.5 0000 0004 0472 0419 Physics Department Florida State University Tallahassee FL 32306-4350 USA https://ror.org/047s2c258 grid.164295.d 0000 0001 0941 7177 Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA https://ror.org/02mw21745 grid.4905.8 0000 0004 0635 7705 Rudjer Boskovic Institute Zagreb Croatia https://ror.org/00n3w3b69 grid.11984.35 0000 0001 2113 8138 Department of Physics University of Strathclyde John Anderson Building, 107 Rottenrow Glasgow Scotland G4 0NG UK grid.418860.3 0000 0001 0942 8941 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences (IFJ PAN) ul. Radzikowskiego 31-342 Kraków Poland https://ror.org/04wn09761 grid.411233.6 0000 0000 9687 399X International Institute of Physics Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Universitario Lagoa Nova Natal RN 59078-970 Brazil https://ror.org/04d836q62 grid.5329.d 0000 0004 1937 0669 Technische Universität Wien Karlsplatz 13 1040 Vienna Austria https://ror.org/01swzsf04 grid.8591.5 0000 0001 2175 2154 Department of Quantum Matter Physics and Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics University of Geneva 1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 People’s Republic of China https://ror.org/03s65by71 grid.205975.c 0000 0001 0740 6917 SCIPP, UC Santa Cruz Santa Cruz USA https://ror.org/02qtvee93 grid.34428.39 0000 0004 1936 893X Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Physics Carleton University 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada https://ror.org/0064kty71 grid.12981.33 0000 0001 2360 039X School of Science Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District Shenzhen 518107 Guangdong People’s Republic of China https://ror.org/03gc1p724 grid.508754.b IJCLab, Pôle Théorie (Bât. 210) CNRS/IN2P3 et Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France https://ror.org/02v51f717 grid.11135.37 0000 0001 2256 9319 State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology Peking University Beijing China https://ror.org/01k4yrm29 grid.249964.4 0000 0001 0523 5253 Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI) 245, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Korea grid.266093.8 0000 0001 0668 7243 Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California Irvine CA 92697 USA grid.59053.3a 0000000121679639 University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) No. 96, JinZhai Road, Baohe District Hefei 230026 Anhui China grid.9227.e 0000000119573309 Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China https://ror.org/036n0x007 grid.258879.9 0000 0004 1936 797X Department of Physics Lafayette College Easton PA 18042 USA https://ror.org/05vf0dg29 grid.8509.4 0000 0001 2162 2106 Dipartimento di Scienze Università Roma Tre Via della Vasca Navale 84 00146 Rome Italy https://ror.org/03zdwsf69 grid.10493.3f 0000 0001 2185 8338 Institute of General Electrical Engineering University of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany https://ror.org/03zdwsf69 grid.10493.3f 0000 0001 2185 8338 Department Life, Light and Matter University of Rostock 18051 Rostock Germany grid.5388.6 LAPTh Université Savoie Mont-Blanc and CNRS Annecy France https://ror.org/024mw5h28 grid.170205.1 0000 0004 1936 7822 Department of Physics University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA grid.260474.3 0000 0001 0089 5711 Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Physics Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210023 China https://ror.org/0371hy230 grid.425902.8 0000 0000 9601 989X ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Passeig de Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain https://ror.org/01sdrjx85 grid.435462.2 0000 0004 5930 4594 Theory Institut de Física d’Altes Energies (IFAE) Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain https://ror.org/01g5y5k24 grid.410794.f 0000 0001 2155 959X High Energy Accelerator Research Organization KEK Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0801 Japan https://ror.org/01ryk1543 grid.5491.9 0000 0004 1936 9297 Institiute of Cryogenics School of Engineering Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Southampton S017 1BJ UK grid.5338.d 0000 0001 2173 938X Instituto de Física Corpuscular CSIC-Universitat de Valéncia Valencia Spain Abstract A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10 TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work. The original online version of this article was revised: The additional reference 139 has been added. Tao Han’s ORICD ID has been incorrectly assigned to Chengcheng Han and Chengcheng Han’s ORCID ID to Tao Han. Yang Ma’s ORCID ID has been incorrectly assigned to Lianliang Ma, and Lianliang Ma’s ORCID ID to Yang Ma. An erratum to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-12257-5 .